Religion Frediand and Isabella Flashcards
Example of Archbishop power
At Toro - Archbishop Carillo of Toledo led personal army of 1,000 men into battle on behalf of Joanna
Royal Control of the Church
14?? = ……
+ 1 year later = …..
1486:
1523:
Appeals to Rome?
1478: At gathering of clergy = support for reduced papal influence in Seville
+ 1 year later = permits appointment of the Bishop of Cuenca
1486: Rights of patronage + church appointments over Granada + Later on – Same right in new worlds
1523: Appoint bishops in Spain itself
–> Prevented most appeals from going to Rome as crown was the ‘Fount of Justice’
Royal Control of the Church - Weaknesses
Prevented Most appeals from going to Pope
Less sucessful was reducing legal rights of Church
- Still insist on being tried before Church Court
1511 - complaints being made of clergy who had obtained position by every means apart from their own merit
Crown expected bishops to play active role in government services // absent from diocese
Religious Uniformity
Points for and against
For - Expulsion
- Jews: Official expulsion 1492, convert or leave
70,000 Castilians + 10,000 Aragonese
- Inqusition: 1480 Castile + 1481 Aragon: Convsersos
2000 executed in first 50 years - Moors: 1501 covert or leave
Against - Opposition to inquisition - Insincerity of forced conversions = Cisneros policy unlike previous of Talavera - Resentment against Moriscos
Military Orders - why a threat
Took part in the acnarchy in Castile during Henry IV
reign
Huge resources land + money - Ferdiand: annual income exceeded those of Kingdom of Naples
Military Orders
- Initial Attempt to gain control?
- When was this initial attempt? With what order?
- Why not such a failure
Order of Sandiargo - Failed to elect F as master 1477
BUT Isabella won the concession that F would succeed mastership when next fell vacant
When was F elected master of the next 2 orders
what were they
When was c
1487: Calatrava
1494: Alcantara
Wealth of The Church
F + I demanded share in Vast Wealth of Church
Granada War + subsequent campaigns against Moors in North Africa → // granted cruzada tax + royal third - ⅓ of all tithes collected in Castile
Moral Problems // solution?
- Concubinage
Upper clergy Set a poor example
- Archbishop Carillo actively involved himself in violent politics of Isabella’s succession
Like the Archbishop of Santiago (built a castle dedicated to mistresses), he wasn’t celibate (had two sons)
Isabella and Ferdinand used their powers of Patronage over Church to appoint pious, celibate, educated men
1478: national synod, gained support for a program of reform
Some new appointments were none-noble // less likely to engage in war
BUT gave constant and sincere support to Cisneros - 1495 archbishop of Toledo
BUT would take decades to produce educated + committed priests
PLUS suspicion that Ferdinand and Isabella’s appointments were primarily political
Ferdinand appointment of his 9 year old illegitimate son to see of Saragossa
Absenteeism + Simony
Common among bishops // neglected effectively to monitor + discipline the lower clergy → ilitterale, unable to preach, reluctant to wear clerical dress, unwilling to maintain the parish church
Bishops were required to reside in theirs sees and to encourage reform
More pious bishops // more likely to stay
Crown expected bishops to play an active role in government service // many absent from diocese on diplomatic and state affairs
Huge area of Spain // made reforms more difficult
Monastic Orders Uneducated + spiritually lacking
Eg. Along with usual incidents of sloth + sexual indulgences,
1480’s Talavera advised Isabella to investigate banditry among the monasteries of Galicia
Cisneros = observant Franciscan himself → Gained papal consent (1497) to suppress the Conventuals
Did not observe the rules of their order strictly, where Observant friars did
But despite the opposition → battle won in 1517 where papal bull decreed that the Overvants were the sole legitimate branch of each order
1508 - Cisneros oversaw establishment University of Alcala
Soon became one of the foremost centers of New Learning - courses in
Theology
Law
Literature
Languages
Medicine
Opposition:
Said that to avoid the effects of Cisneros’s policies, many Conventuals fled to Italy or N. Africa where they converted to Islam
Especially in Aragon where Cisneros’s policy was regarded as Castilian Imposition
Eg. 1522
Scholars produced a modern translation of the Latin Vulgate - parallel translations in hebrew and Greek (the Complutensian Polygolt Bible)
BUT not everyone could go, still ignorant peasants