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Sociology P2- Beliefs > Religion and globalisation > Flashcards

Religion and globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The creation of a global culture
- the spread of ideas, values and people across the world due to media, technology and travel

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2
Q

What are the 5 impacts globalisation has had on religion?

A

1) The rise of cosmopolitanism due to secularisation
2) The impact of science and technology over religion
3) The rise of religious fundamentalisms
4) Religion as a cultural defence
5) Economic development

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3
Q

1) What is cosmopolitanism?

A

A way of thinking about the world that embraces modernisation, is tolerant of other views, is characterised by diversity, freedom, choice and uncertainty

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4
Q

What is cosmopolitanism a threat to?

A

Many religions which prefer traditionalism, closed-views, regulation and order

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5
Q

How has rising cosmopolitanism impacted on religious belief?

A

Resulted in less people holding traditional values
- rise of NAMs/NRMs as people could pick and choose their own values which correlated to the New Movements

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6
Q

2) Qs posed by the impact of science and technology over religion?

A

Lead to rationalist views?
People turn to science for explanations?
May people re-sacralise due to the threats and ‘risks’ caused by science?

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7
Q

What does LYON believe about the impact of science on religion?

A

It has become disembedded from it’s traditional location e.g. Churches
- televangelism or ‘electronic churches’
- access belief at their own convenience for a more privatised religious experience

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8
Q

What does HELLAND discuss?

A

religion online and online religion

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9
Q

HELLAND
What is religion online?

A

Top down communication where religious organisations use the internet to communicate their ideas to attract new members, usually no online interaction

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10
Q

HELLAND
What is online religion?

A

A cyber religion that may exist only online
e.g. online global Pagan community
- many NRMs may operate like this

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11
Q

Do HELLAND AND LYON’s theories suggest that globalisation has led to an increasing or decreasing religious belief?

A

Increasing- easily accessible for people to become more involved

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12
Q

3) What does GIDDENS highlight about religious fundamentalism?

A

It is a relatively new concept , the reason society has seen a growth in them is because they are reacting against the global PM direction that the world is taking
- see the current trend towards liberalism and freedom of choice as undermining their religion
- wish to re-establish their religions at the fundamental ‘traditional’ level

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13
Q

What does liberal influence include?

A

The acceptance of sex before marriage, homosexuality, divorce reform, cohabitation and the prohibition of abortion and contraception

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14
Q

What does BAUMAN discuss?

A

Fundamentalism is a response to post-modernity
- although diversity, choice and freedom in the PM world are potentially positive factors
- also heighten uncertainty and risk
- fundamentalists attempt to restore certainty and eliminate risk

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15
Q

What 2 identities does CASTELLS identify?

A

Project identities and resistant identities

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16
Q

What is a project identity?

A

A forward looking response which embraces progression or change

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17
Q

What is a resistant identity?

A

A defensive reaction of those who feel threatened and thus turn to fundamentalism

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18
Q

Which identity is associated with fundamentalism and cosmopolitanism?

A

Project- cosmopolitanism
Resistant- fundamentalism

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19
Q

What does BRUCE say about monotheism and fundamentalism?

A

Furthered Castells work who suggests that F tends to be found in monotheistic religions as they are very rigid and have on-overriding truth

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20
Q

What is the opposite of a monotheistic religion?

A

Polytheistic religion
- have far more scopes, more accepting of change as they are open to many interpretations and views
e.g. Hinduism

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of fundamentalism that BRUCE identifies?

A

1- Western fundamentalism
2- Third world fundamentalism

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22
Q

What is western fundamentalism?

A

Usually develops as a result of changes occurring within their own societies
e.g. The Christian New Right in the USA opposing homosexuality and abortion

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23
Q

What is third world fundamentalism?

A

Tends to develop as a response to ‘outsider’ cultures forcing change onto these third world societies
(usually Westerners imposing on Eastern cultures)
e.g. Islamic revolution in Iran

24
Q

Which types of religions are more likely to develop fundamentalist religions?

A

Third World fundamentalism
The Taliban
Islam revolution

25
Q

How does BECKFORD criticise Giddens, Bauman, Castells and Bruce?

A

X ignore ‘hybrid’ communities where C&F may work together
X fixated on how globalisation affects fundamentalism, ignore its effects on other religions
X Giddens doesn’t distinguish between different types of F
X Extremism is not just a reaction to globalisation but also local political and economic circumstances

26
Q

What is an example of a hybrid community?

A

The use of Media Technologies to recruit members to fundamentalist groups

27
Q

What is meant by a hybrid community and how does this challenge the argument about fundamentalists rejecting globalisation/cosmopolitanism?

A

Where C&F work together
- fundamentalist groups may recruit members through media technologies, contradicting their rebellion against modern movements

28
Q

What does DAVIE say about secular fundamentalism?

A

Claims F beliefs about returning to the truth and resisting change is not only linked to religious belief system but can also be associated with non-religious beliefs

29
Q

What impact has the global spread of religious ideas and diversity and religious F groups had?

A

A rise of secular fundamentalism which has influenced social policy in some countries

30
Q

What are some examples of secular fundamentalism?

A

France 2004- banned pupils from wearing religious symbols in schools
2010- made it illegal for women to wear the veil in public
2015- some councils stopped serving alternatives to pork in their school meals, claiming all students should be treated equally

31
Q

What is meant by secular fundamentalism?

A

Where groups react against religious changed and beliefs

32
Q

4) Religion as a cultural defence

A

As the world ‘globalises’, national identities mean less and less
e.g. politicians talk about the European community, The Middle East or Asia rather than identifying individual countries

33
Q

What is a result of the world becoming more globalised in terms of identity?

A

Societies around the world are experiencing a ‘crisis of meaning’ whereby their cultures, languages, traditions and politics are becoming less significant

34
Q

What are Individual National Identities being replaced by?

A

Collective International identities

35
Q

How does this act as a cultural defence?

A

Many countries use their religions to restore their individual identities, acting as a ‘cultural defence’
- a way of holding onto national heritage, tradition, culture and politics
- a way of re-individualising oneself

36
Q

Poland and Catholicism
1945-1989

A

Poland under communist rule (forced by Soviet Union)
- Catholicism suppressed, acted as a symbol for Polish identity
The Catholic Church supported the ‘Solidarity free’ movement
- helped bring down the communist rule
- church has been very influential since in Polish politics

37
Q

Iran and Islam
1979 Revolution

A

1950s democratic government in Iran overthrown by ‘Pro-Western regime’ supported by W oil companies and govs
60/70s- force Westernised values on Iran by banning the veil and replacing the Iranian calendar with ‘western-friendly’ one, due to takeover of capitalism, divide between rich n poor increased
- The Islamic religion was used as a focal point to rally opposition against Shah’s regime
- The Islamic Revolution helped to create Islamic Republic
- Clerics held state power and helped restore traditional Islamic values back to Iran

38
Q

What is similar between Poland and Iran?

A

Both examples of how religion has acted as a ‘cultural defence’ against a perceived external threat with the Globalised World

39
Q

Globalisation, Religion and the Clash of Civilisations

A

HUNTINGTON- CoC
- religion is often at the core of many global conflicts, describes at CoC
- identifies 7 civilisations
- Western, Latin, American, Islamic, Hindu, Japanese etc
- religion binds countries within these civilisations it can also cause conflict between them

40
Q

Why is Conflict of Civilisations happening more than ever?

A

Religion is becoming more important as a source of national identity
- globalisation means that civilisations are more likely to be in contact with each other which means old conflicts re-emerge easier

41
Q

In a globalised world what mentality is created?

A

‘Us vs Them’
- competition for wealth and power grows on a Global Scale
- religious difference are harder to resolve as they are a closed system which are rooted in history

42
Q

How has globalisation led to religion being used as a method of cultural defence?

A

People use their religion as a sense of national identity which helps them in maintaining their traditions against societal changes such as westernisation

43
Q

Why does HUNTINGTON believe that the West is under threat?
(especially from Islam)

A

A ‘West VS The Rest’ campaign is emerging and as such the West need to reassert their Christian identity

44
Q

How does Jackson criticise Huntington?

A

H’s work is based on ‘orientalism’
- he stereotypes Eastern Civilisations as untrustworthy, fanatical, barbarian and inferior (particularly Muslims)

45
Q

How does Casanova criticise Huntington?

A

H generalises far too much- only a small minority of the world’s 1.5billion Muslims are interested in a Holy War and fanaticism

46
Q

How does Armstrong criticise using Fanaticism?

A

Has only been caused by the West imposing their values and politics on the Middle-East
- The West should bear most of the blame and the Islam should not be scapegoated

47
Q

How do Inglehart and Norris criticise Huntington’s CoC theory?

A

Religion and politics does not cause a ‘CoC’
- it is attitudes towards sexual orientation and gender liberation that causes the real ‘clash’

48
Q

What view do all of the criticisms of Huntington share?

A

They all believe that the conflicts created are not all down to religion
- West imposing, ethnocentric
- attitudes towards gender/sexuality, liberalism

49
Q

5)Economic development

A

India major player on global political stage
- rising influence amongst Indian middle class who are educated, prosperous and working in these developing global sectors
- whilst secularisation theorists may predict this would lead to a decline in belief, it meant MC became more religious

50
Q

What explanation does Nanda give to economic development?

A

A result of tension between the traditional Hindu belief in rejecting materialism VS their new financial success

51
Q

What do new tele gurus now preach to the MC?

A

That wealth is not bad and can be spiritually balanced
- it has become fashionable to be religious

52
Q

What is ultranationalism?

A

Many Indians strongly identify with their Hindu beliefs and see them as a symbol of their national identity
- these beliefs started to influence public life
e.g. Hindu sciences such as astrology is taught as an academic subject at university

53
Q

What are the problems with Nanda’s theory of ultranationalism?

A

X Nanda points out that this is causing inequality between the minority groups in India
e.g. Muslims, Buddhists etc

54
Q

How can you compare ultranationalism to Bellah’s idea of civil religion?

A

People strongly resonate with their culture as part of their identity
- worshipping themselves, celebrating nationality

55
Q

Why has economic development n religion led to inequality in India?

A

The MC are more likely to be religious than the WC, If it is preached that wealth is not bad, it puts the LC at a disadvantage

Sociology P2- Beliefs (14 decks)

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