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Religion and Belief Systems in Australia post-1945 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Dreaming

A

Worldview of Indigenous people

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2
Q

Define Kinship

A

Determining belonging and responsibilities within a clan

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3
Q

Name the four aspects of ceremonial life

A
  • Art
  • Stories
  • Rituals
  • Totems
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4
Q

Name an example of the Dreaming stories

A

The Rainbow Serpent

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5
Q

Name two rituals Indigenous people usually partake in

A
  • Initiation ceremony- introducing children to the adult world
  • Smoking ceremony- warn off evil spirits and better those who are ill
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6
Q

What are some important aspects of rituals?

A
  • Dancing
  • Singing
  • Stories
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7
Q

What are Totems?

A

Represent the individual in the Dreaming and carry ceremonial responsibilities

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8
Q

Provide a quote for rituals

A

“We are dancing, singing, and painting for the land. We are celebrating the land. Removed from our lands, we are literally removed from ourselves.” Mick Dodson

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9
Q

How do the people have obligations to the land?

A

Through being inextricably connected to the land, Indigenous people’s purpose is to serve their land, and nourish it for their metatemporal beliefs. The land is the physical medium through which the Dreaming is lived out.

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10
Q

Provide a quote for obligations to the land and people

A

“We cultivated our land, but in a way different from the white man. We endeavour to live with the land; they seemed to live off it.” Elder Tom Dystra

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11
Q

What are the four aspects of the continuing effects of dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities

A
  • Dispossession methods
  • Separation from the land
  • Separation from Kinship groups
  • The Stolen Generations (1900- 1972)
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12
Q

What are the two common ways in which dispossession occurred?

A
  • Forcibly removing children and putting them into church or government run programs
  • Assimilation
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13
Q

What is the effect of the Indigenous people experiencing dispossession?

A

The loss of their land is the equivalent to the loss of spiritual identity, leading to the burden of not being able to fulfil ritual responsibilities

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14
Q

What aspects were taken away from the victims?

A
  • Stories of the Dreaming
  • Loosing language
  • Not being able to practice their culture
  • Can’t fulfil totemic and kinship obligations
  • Can’t protect sacred sites
  • Aren’t connected to their ancestral beings
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15
Q

What is the consequences of seperation from Kinship groups?

A
  • Loss of family and guidance,

- Inability to transmit knowledge of the Dreaming, the Dreaming stories and language

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16
Q

Provide a quote for the Stolen generation

A

“Whole communities lost their confidence in bring up their own children, and have been denied one of the most important and precious roles” Bring Them Home Report, 1997

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17
Q

List five immediate results of dispossession

A
  • Separation from land, law, culture, kinship and family
  • Death, massacres
  • Loss of identity and culture fragmentation
  • Emotional, physical and sexual abuse
  • Inability to fulfil ritual responsibilities
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18
Q

List six continuing results on dispossession

A
  • Reduced life expectancy
  • Increased infant mortality
  • Overrepresentation in gaol
  • Educational disadvantages
  • Higher rates of unemployment
  • Higher use of Government services
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19
Q

How many stages are there of dispossession?

A

Five

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20
Q

Name, provide the year and elaborate upon the first stage of dispossession

A

Non-recognition
1788-1880s
First fleet- dispossession- deprivation of land, introduced disease- separation from the Dreaming and religion

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21
Q

Name, provide the year and elaborate upon the second stage of dispossession

A

Protection
1880-1930s
Change of attitude?- removal from unstable environments, placement in state protection in hopes culture would die out, banned from practicing their culture, stolen generations (isolated people)- white dominance, loss of like to land, knowledge not passed on, separation from tribes and totems, identity lost

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22
Q

Name, provide the year and elaborate upon the third stage of dispossession

A

Assimilation
Mid 20th century
Absorb Indigenous into white community- forget cultural identity- deny of rights (live, work, pay, vote)- policy abandoned in 1972- separation, denied opportunities, prohibition of traditional practices, prevention of fulfilment of land obligations

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23
Q

Name, provide the year and elaborate upon the fourth stage of dispossession

A

Stolen generations
Encouraged assimilation, hope to breed out- maltreatment, sexual abuse, emotional and physical abuse, loss of identity, culture and kinship- loss of identity and purpose of life

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24
Q

Name, provide the year and elaborate upon the fifth stage of dispossession

A

Self determination
1970s
Growth of Australia’s multicultural aspects- ‘allowing’ Aboriginals to determine and control their own future- attempted to reconnect with their spirituality but were unable to, due to decades of land and family separation

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25
What is the order of the Land Rights Movement? Include the years of each
1. Mabo Mabo (1992) 2. Native Title Act (1993) 3. Wik (1996) 4. Native Title Amd (1998)
26
How was the Native Title Act established? What led to it?
- The Mabo Case led to the accepting of the Native Title, through the introduction of the Native Title Act in 1993
27
What does the Native Title Act enable?
Recognition of Indigenous peoples right to the use and occupy their rightful land
28
How can one claim this?
The Indigenous person or peoples must prove they have a continuing connection with the land that is unbroken
29
What was the process of the Mabo case?
Mabo and a group of Indigenous people fought the Queensland government in 1992, seeking legal recognition of their land, because their families had owned it. This case went to the high court where it was approved.
30
What was the result of the Mabo case?
The government passed the Native Title Act
31
Why was this notion so important for Indigenous peoples?
This was important in two ways; notion of Terra Nullius was overturned and it existed for all Indigenous people
32
Explain what caused to occur
In 1996 the High Court ruled in favour of the Wik people of Cape York, Queensland who argued that Pastoral Leases (land owned by government, also known as leaseholders) granted over their area of claim didn’t extinguish their Native Title Rights
33
What was the outcome of this dispute?
Court ruled that in certain circumstances native title and leasehold title can co-exist
34
Who established the Native Title Amendment Act? (AKA TEN POINT PLAN)
John Howard, the Prime minister of Australia at the time
35
What was the new adjustment of this?
Amended the Native Title Act in favour of the leasehold title holder, in response to pressure from rural investors who wanted to reduce the potential rights of native title claimants
36
What was the effect of the Amended act?
It was seen as a step backwards, because it cut off many Aboriginal's ability to claim Native Title on land
37
Why is the Dreaming important for the Land Rights Movement?
Aboriginal belief systems, rituals, traditions and laws are all intimately connected with the land and Aboriginal people have ritual responsibilities to take care of the land and sacred sites, without the land they cannot fulfil their duties
38
SECOND PART OF THE TOPIC
RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION IN AUSTRALIA
39
What is the % growth 2011-2016 for Christianity?
7.22% decline
40
What is the % growth 2011-2016 for Hinduism?
59.80%
41
What is the % growth 2011-2016 for No Religion?
46.78%
42
Name the five topics of the Present Religious Landscape
- Christianity as a major religion - Immigration - Denominational switching - Rise of New Age Religions - Secularism
43
What are the two main reason Christianity is Australia's major religion?
- The 'White Australia Policy' | - European settlers
44
What percent of Australia was Christian in 1947?
88%
45
Why do you think adherents of Christianity has declined so much
- Attending services seen as a burden - Outdated beliefs - Current scandals associated - Rise of secularism
46
What denominations have seen a significant decrease? Compare the statistics from two years
Anglican 1947- 39% 2016- 13.3%
47
What did the elimination of the White Australia Policy result in?
Increased diversity- changes in religious statistics
48
Name the war which resulted in an increase in immigration, and what religions they initiated
Vietnam war Migration from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Inviting religions of Buddhism
49
How did World War 2 effect Australia's religious beliefs?
Australian government after WW2 actively sought immigration in the belief the nation's security and economic property was dependent upon increase to its population. To do this they offered assisted passage to migrants
50
What does denominal switching refer to?
The transfer of followers from one Christian denomination to another
51
What is the main example of denominational switching?
From one denomination to the Pentecostal denomination
52
Why is this switch popular?
- Entertaining masses - Loud and modern music - Focus on self improvement rather than biblical studies
53
What are New Age Religions?
May include a combination of rituals and beliefs from a number of religions, in order to satisfy individual needs
54
What is the focus of New Age Religion?
Typically focuses on individual fulfilment, fostering individual growth and spiritual needs
55
Name one reason as to why New Age Religion is increasing popular
- Freedom- pick and choose which beliefs and practices to follow
56
Name an example of a New Age Religion and its purpose
Feng Shui | Claims to use energy forces to harmonise individuals with their surrounding environment
57
What is secularism?
Belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society
58
Name four reasons for increases in secularism
- Increasing pluralism - Materialism and Individualism - Disillusionment with traditional religions - Trust in Science
59
What is Ecuminism?
The movement among Christian Churches to promote the restoration of unity among all Christians
60
When was the Uniting Church created?
1977
61
What does the Uniting Church compose of?
- Congregational Union of Australia - Methodist Church of Australasia - Presbyterian Church of Australia
62
Name two Ecumenical movements
- The national Council of Churches | - NSW Ecumenical Council
63
What movement did the NCCA succeed?
Australian Council of the Churches
64
What is the purpose of the NCCA?
Aims to promote similarities, appreciation for differences, and create unified front on important issues
65
Do they support any initiatives?
They support the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission who focus on important issues such as reconciliation and the education of the Indigenous
66
When was the NSW Ecumenical Council established?
1946
67
How many member churches does it have?
16
68
What is the purpose of it?
Address issues of justice and equity for all people
69
What's one important cause it contributes to?
One of its particular missions focuses on the rights of indigenous Australians
70
Why is interfaith dialogue important? / What is the purpose of it?
Allows a formal discussion aimed towards developing greater mutual understanding between different religious traditions
71
What does it enable?
It allows different religious traditions to come to a. better appreciation of the uniqueness of each other
72
Why is essential?
Australia is an increasingly pluralistic society, interfaith dialogue creates respect and appreciation for religious diversity which is essential for harmony and peace
73
What is the Islamic Sciences & Research Academy's purpose?
Community building; cooperation in religious, social, environmental (and other) areas of concern
74
What is the Jewish Christian Muslim Association of Australia's purpose?
Promotes prevention of emotional and physical abuse arising from religious intolerance and cultural discrimination
75
What is the Uniting Church's purpose?
Inspire people, enliven communities and confront injustice
76
What is an important quote from this?
Andrew Dutney launched the ‘We’ll Love Muslims 100 Years’ statement
77
Name five benefits of Ecumenism
- Natural outcome of globalisation - Eliminate social barriers, stigma and stereotype - Foster open minds, tolerance and respect - Allows mutual goals and values to be established - Builds positive relationships to strengthen communities and celebrate diversity
78
Name five limitations of Ecumenism
- Criticism from own communities who don’t see value in initiatives - Controversy of ‘watering down’ and distorting religious beliefs in attempt to reconcile with other religions - Not entering with open minds or respect - Ineffective communication/cooperation - Self-promotion of faith tradition
79
What is the purpose of Reconciliation?
builds better relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people who are respected leaders in their fields and share a determination to do whatever it takes to build reconciliation
80
Name five example of religious traditions involvement in Reconciliation
- 1967 Catholic Church and NCCA campaigned for the referendum to grant Aboriginal people citizenship - 1992 Mabo Decision publicly supported by Christian church groups - 2016 message from Pope Francis: “Your culture, which shows the lasting genius and dignity of your race, must not be allowed to disappear” - Jewish groups hold a week of prayer for reconciliation every year - Australian Federation of Islamic Councils & the Buddhist Peace Fellowship have made statements in support of rights and reconciliation

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