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History - The Tudors - Mary I > Religion > Flashcards

Religion Flashcards

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1
Q

What religion was England when Mary acceded?

A

Protestant (but much of the country remained privately Catholic)

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2
Q

What did Mary want to do to religion in England?

A

Restore Catholicism

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3
Q

What were the 3 key problems that Mary faced regarding the restoration of Catholicism?

A
  • Protestantism was a minority faith but had significant support in London + southern areas
  • Many elites had gained church land they didn’t want to return
  • Reformed Protestant church had been established in statute law
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4
Q

Why was it an issue for Mary that the Protestant Church had been established by statute law under Edward?

A

Required statute law to reverse it

BUT - Mary believed in divine law + using statute law would mean accepting the ability of the monarch/parliament to make laws about religion (indirectly accepting H.VIII’s royal supremacy she denied)

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5
Q

What 2 cautious moves did Mary make before starting properly on her process of religious reform?

A
  • Some key Protestant clergy (inc. 7 bishops) deprived of livings
  • Foreign Protestants ordered to leave England
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6
Q

What were the 4 key stages in Mary’s process of religious reform?

A

1) Mary’s 1st Parliament (Oct 1553)
2) 1554 action with the Pope
3) Mary’s 3rd Parliament (Nov 1554 -> Jan 1555)
4) Burning heretics (Feb 1555 onwards)

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7
Q

Outline action taken at Mary’s 1st Parliament (Oct 1553)

A
  • Edwardian religious legislation repealed
  • Legal status of Church of England upheld
  • Church restored to its 1547 state (e.g. order of service)
  • Married clergy deprived of livings
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8
Q

When was Mary’s 1st Parliament?

A

Oct 1553

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9
Q

Outline action taken with the Pope in 1554

A
  • Reversed attainder against papal legate Reginald Pole, so he could return to England as Archbishop of Canterbury to oversee revert to Catholicism
  • Pope Julius III agreed not to reclaim church land that had been sold off (increasing support for Catholicism of the elites)
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10
Q

When was the Pope restored as Head of the Church of England?

A

1555 (in the Act of Supremacy)

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11
Q

Outline action taken at Mary’s 3rd Parliament (Nov 1554-Jan 1555)

A
  • Restoration of heresy laws (1554). Denying papal supremacy was punishable by death.
  • Act of Repeal (1555) - law passed to revoke the royal supremacy
  • Act of Supremacy (1555) - law passed to restore papal supremacy + Pope as Head of Church of England
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12
Q

How did Mary get around using statute law?

A

She didn’t
- Forced to use statute law (despite her belief in divine law) so she could restore papal supremacy in 1555 Act of Repeal + Act of Supremacy

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13
Q

Which pope replaced Pope Julius III in 1555?

A

Pope Paul IV

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14
Q

What were Pope Paul IV’s 2 opinions that caused the weakening of the papacy’s relationship with England?

A

1) Disliked Spain
(Spain connected to England through marriage + meant papacy opposed England’s side in the Franco-Spanish War)

2) Disliked Pole

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15
Q

Why did Pope Paul IV dislike Pole?

A

Said he was a heretic

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16
Q

What did Pope Paul IV do to Pole?

A

Dismissed him as papal legate (April 1557) - he could no longer act on behalf of the Pope in England

17
Q

Did Mary agree with Pope Paul IV’s negative opinions on Pole?

A

No

  • Kept him as Archbishop of Canterbury
  • Refused to acknowledge the new papal legate in England: Peto
18
Q

Who did Pope Paul IV replace Pole with as papal legate?

A

William Peto

19
Q

When did Mary start burning heretics?

A

Feb 1555

20
Q

What religious policy resulted in the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’?

A

Burning heretics

21
Q

How many Protestants did Mary burn at the stake for heresy?

A

Approx 280

22
Q

Under what law could Mary burn heretics?

A

1554 Heresy Law (denying papal supremacy - done by Protestants - punishable with death)

23
Q

In what was the burning of the heretics recorded?

A

‘Book of Martyrs’

  • By Foxe
  • Published 1563
  • Became most widely read book in England excluding Bible
24
Q

Were all people burnt for heresy actually Protestant?

A

No (but Foxe’s book was publicising anti-Protestantism)

E.g. John Bland: ‘FreeWiller’ believed in man’s free will instead of a religion. One of the Canterbury Martyrs.

25
Q

What types of Protestants were burnt for heresy?

A
  • Key figures (e.g. Oxford Martyrs: Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer)
  • Clergymen (approx 21)
  • Gentry (approx 8)
  • Mostly ‘normal’ people
26
Q

Where were most of the ‘normal people’ burned for heresy from geographically?

A

South East (3/4)

  • Protestantism most popular here
  • Specifically 1/5 from Kent (mainly Cranmer’s diocese Canterbury)
27
Q

Was the burning of heretics successful?

A
  • In continental countries YES

- In ENGLAND NO

28
Q

Why was the policy of burning heretics unsuccessful in England?

A
  • Mary + Catholicism got bad reputation as strict + merciless
  • Protestant victims became ‘martyrs’ who were sympathised with
29
Q

Give an example of 2 people who were sympathised with for being burnt for heresy

A

Rogers + Taylor

  • First 2 victims
  • Had been popular Protestant preachers
30
Q

As the burning of heretics was unsuccessful, was the policy stopped?

A

No

BUT - Council tried to ban the young (easily influenced) from attending

31
Q

What religious reforms did Mary (with help from Pole) make aside from reinstalling Catholicism?

A

Improved role of clergy (1555-6)

  • Pole outlined his expectations at his legatine synod (1555-6)
  • Bishops should: live in diocese, preach, thoroughly oversee religious and pastoral life

New bishops appointed

Each cathedral should have a seminary to train new priests

32
Q

Were the religious reform actions (not including conversion to Catholicism) successful?

A

In theory - Yes, tried to ensure clergy were capable of fulfilling role.

In practice - No: relied on parish commitment which wasn’t present in heavily Protestant areas. Mary’s reign was too short for much impact.

33
Q

Did Mary ever succeed fully in restoring Catholicism in England?

A

No

34
Q

What prevented England being fully converted back to Catholicism under Mary?

A
  • Deteriorating England-papacy relationship
  • Deteriorating public opinion of Mary + Catholicism after harsh burning of heretics
  • Short length of Mary’s reign which limited time to make progress

History - The Tudors - Mary I (7 decks)

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