Religion Flashcards

1
Q

What religion was England when Mary acceded?

A

Protestant (but much of the country remained privately Catholic)

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2
Q

What did Mary want to do to religion in England?

A

Restore Catholicism

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3
Q

What were the 3 key problems that Mary faced regarding the restoration of Catholicism?

A
  • Protestantism was a minority faith but had significant support in London + southern areas
  • Many elites had gained church land they didn’t want to return
  • Reformed Protestant church had been established in statute law
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4
Q

Why was it an issue for Mary that the Protestant Church had been established by statute law under Edward?

A

Required statute law to reverse it

BUT - Mary believed in divine law + using statute law would mean accepting the ability of the monarch/parliament to make laws about religion (indirectly accepting H.VIII’s royal supremacy she denied)

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5
Q

What 2 cautious moves did Mary make before starting properly on her process of religious reform?

A
  • Some key Protestant clergy (inc. 7 bishops) deprived of livings
  • Foreign Protestants ordered to leave England
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6
Q

What were the 4 key stages in Mary’s process of religious reform?

A

1) Mary’s 1st Parliament (Oct 1553)
2) 1554 action with the Pope
3) Mary’s 3rd Parliament (Nov 1554 -> Jan 1555)
4) Burning heretics (Feb 1555 onwards)

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7
Q

Outline action taken at Mary’s 1st Parliament (Oct 1553)

A
  • Edwardian religious legislation repealed
  • Legal status of Church of England upheld
  • Church restored to its 1547 state (e.g. order of service)
  • Married clergy deprived of livings
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8
Q

When was Mary’s 1st Parliament?

A

Oct 1553

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9
Q

Outline action taken with the Pope in 1554

A
  • Reversed attainder against papal legate Reginald Pole, so he could return to England as Archbishop of Canterbury to oversee revert to Catholicism
  • Pope Julius III agreed not to reclaim church land that had been sold off (increasing support for Catholicism of the elites)
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10
Q

When was the Pope restored as Head of the Church of England?

A

1555 (in the Act of Supremacy)

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11
Q

Outline action taken at Mary’s 3rd Parliament (Nov 1554-Jan 1555)

A
  • Restoration of heresy laws (1554). Denying papal supremacy was punishable by death.
  • Act of Repeal (1555) - law passed to revoke the royal supremacy
  • Act of Supremacy (1555) - law passed to restore papal supremacy + Pope as Head of Church of England
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12
Q

How did Mary get around using statute law?

A

She didn’t
- Forced to use statute law (despite her belief in divine law) so she could restore papal supremacy in 1555 Act of Repeal + Act of Supremacy

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13
Q

Which pope replaced Pope Julius III in 1555?

A

Pope Paul IV

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14
Q

What were Pope Paul IV’s 2 opinions that caused the weakening of the papacy’s relationship with England?

A

1) Disliked Spain
(Spain connected to England through marriage + meant papacy opposed England’s side in the Franco-Spanish War)

2) Disliked Pole

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15
Q

Why did Pope Paul IV dislike Pole?

A

Said he was a heretic

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16
Q

What did Pope Paul IV do to Pole?

A

Dismissed him as papal legate (April 1557) - he could no longer act on behalf of the Pope in England

17
Q

Did Mary agree with Pope Paul IV’s negative opinions on Pole?

A

No

  • Kept him as Archbishop of Canterbury
  • Refused to acknowledge the new papal legate in England: Peto
18
Q

Who did Pope Paul IV replace Pole with as papal legate?

A

William Peto

19
Q

When did Mary start burning heretics?

20
Q

What religious policy resulted in the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’?

A

Burning heretics

21
Q

How many Protestants did Mary burn at the stake for heresy?

A

Approx 280

22
Q

Under what law could Mary burn heretics?

A

1554 Heresy Law (denying papal supremacy - done by Protestants - punishable with death)

23
Q

In what was the burning of the heretics recorded?

A

‘Book of Martyrs’

  • By Foxe
  • Published 1563
  • Became most widely read book in England excluding Bible
24
Q

Were all people burnt for heresy actually Protestant?

A

No (but Foxe’s book was publicising anti-Protestantism)

E.g. John Bland: ‘FreeWiller’ believed in man’s free will instead of a religion. One of the Canterbury Martyrs.

25
What types of Protestants were burnt for heresy?
- Key figures (e.g. Oxford Martyrs: Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer) - Clergymen (approx 21) - Gentry (approx 8) - Mostly ‘normal’ people
26
Where were most of the ‘normal people’ burned for heresy from geographically?
South East (3/4) - Protestantism most popular here - Specifically 1/5 from Kent (mainly Cranmer’s diocese Canterbury)
27
Was the burning of heretics successful?
- In continental countries YES | - In ENGLAND NO
28
Why was the policy of burning heretics unsuccessful in England?
- Mary + Catholicism got bad reputation as strict + merciless - Protestant victims became ‘martyrs’ who were sympathised with
29
Give an example of 2 people who were sympathised with for being burnt for heresy
Rogers + Taylor - First 2 victims - Had been popular Protestant preachers
30
As the burning of heretics was unsuccessful, was the policy stopped?
No | BUT - Council tried to ban the young (easily influenced) from attending
31
What religious reforms did Mary (with help from Pole) make aside from reinstalling Catholicism?
Improved role of clergy (1555-6) - Pole outlined his expectations at his legatine synod (1555-6) - Bishops should: live in diocese, preach, thoroughly oversee religious and pastoral life New bishops appointed Each cathedral should have a seminary to train new priests
32
Were the religious reform actions (not including conversion to Catholicism) successful?
In theory - Yes, tried to ensure clergy were capable of fulfilling role. In practice - No: relied on parish commitment which wasn’t present in heavily Protestant areas. Mary’s reign was too short for much impact.
33
Did Mary ever succeed fully in restoring Catholicism in England?
No
34
What prevented England being fully converted back to Catholicism under Mary?
- Deteriorating England-papacy relationship - Deteriorating public opinion of Mary + Catholicism after harsh burning of heretics - Short length of Mary’s reign which limited time to make progress