Relations With Foreign Powers

Question 1

What two types of reforms did Mary complete to strengthen England as a foreign power?

Answer 1

• Naval reforms

- Militia (army) reforms

Question 2

Did the navy or army receive most reforms under Mary?

Answer 2

Navy

Question 3

What reforms did Mary make to the navy?

Answer 3

• £14,000 allocated to peacetime navy
• Built 6 new ships + repaired many
• Navy admin + finance reorganised into efficient system under Benjamin Gordon

Question 4

What effect did Mary’s reforms to the navy have?

Answer 4

Laid the basis for the organised navy that defeated Spanish Armada under Elizabeth

Question 5

What reforms did Mary make to the army?

Answer 5

• 2 acts of parliament to increase efficiency of raising troops
  (Important because England had no standing army)

Question 6

Summarise England’s relationship with the Papacy

Answer 6

Initially good
- Mary restored papal supremacy (Nov 1554)

Deteriorated

• Paul IV became Pope (1555)
• Paul IV was anti-Spanish + England ended up siding with Spain against the papacy + France in the Franco-Spanish War (1557-1558)

Question 7

Summarise England’s relationship with Spain

Answer 7

Good

• Marriage of Mary to heir to Spanish throne Philip (July 1554)
• Despite the marriage treaty, England ended up supporting Spain in the Franco-Spanish War

Question 8

What was the main foreign policy event during Mary’s short reign?

Answer 8

Franco-Spanish War (1557-8)

Question 9

What were the two sides in the Franco-Spanish War

Answer 9

• England + Spain

- France + the anti-Spanish papacy (under Paul IV)

Question 10

Why did England become involved in the Franco-Spanish War (1557-8)?

Answer 10

• Bizarre landing of French troops in Scarborough

- England joined to support Spain (despite the marriage treaty saying they wouldn’t)

Question 11

Who may have been behind the French troops landing at Scarborough?

Answer 11

Paget (he wanted war)

Question 12

Who led the strange landing of French troops at Scarborough?

Answer 12

Thomas Stafford

Question 13

Summarise England’s relationship with France?

Answer 13

Bad - sided against them in the Franco-Spanish war

Question 14

Were the English successful in the Franco-Spanish War?

Answer 14

Initially yes
- England provided army of 5000 to join 70,000 Spanish in seizing St Quentin which was successful + celebrated

In the end NO
- England lost Calais in Jan 1558

Question 15

What was the greatest failure in England’s foreign policy under Mary?

Answer 15

The loss of Calais (Jan 1558) during the Franco-Spanish War, as this was England’s last possession in France

Question 16

Outline how Calais was lost in the Franco-Spanish War

Answer 16

• French built up a force of 30,000
• Launched surprise attack on Calais (Jan 1558)
• Calais garrison held out for 3 weeks
• No support given by English or French
• England forced to surrender Calais