reliability, validity,qualitative, quantitative research

Question 1

internal consistency

Answer 1

• the extent to which items or elements that contribute to a measuremenet reflect one basic phenomenon or dimension
• for example in PT a functional assessment sale should only include items that relate to patients’ physical function

Question 2

intrarater reliability

Answer 2

• the consistency or equivalence of repeated measurements made by the same person over time

Question 3

interrater reliability

Answer 3

• the consistency or equivalence of measurements made by more than one person
• interrater reliability indicates the agreement of measurements taken by different examiners

Question 4

test-retest reliability

Answer 4

• the consistency or equivalence of repeated measurements made on the same individual on separate occasions
• test-retest reliability can be affected by the interval between tests, effects of fatigue or learning and changes in the characteristic being measured

Question 5

face validity

Answer 5

• the degree to which a measurement appears to test what it is supposed to
• although face validity is insufficient documentation of validity it is an important form of validity because pt may not be compliant with repeated testing if they don’t see how the measurements derived from the tests relate to their specific problem

Question 6

content validity

Answer 6

• the degree to which a measurement reflects the meaningful elements of a construct and the items in a test adequately reflect the content domain of interest and not extraneous elements

Question 7

construct validity

Answer 7

• the degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by a test or measurement
• evidence of construct validity is through logical argument based on theoretical and research evidence
• ex: MMT

Question 8

criterion-related validity

Answer 8

• the validity of the measurement is established by comparing it to either a different measurement often considered to be a “gold standard” or data obtained by different forms of testing

Question 9

concurrent validity

Answer 9

• ## a form of criterion-related validity in which an interpretation is justified by comparing a measurement to a “gold standard” measurement at approx. the same time.

Question 10

predictive validity

Answer 10

• a form of criterion-related validity in which the measurement is considered to be valid because it is predictive of a future behavior or event ex GPA or GRE

Question 11

prescriptive validity

Answer 11

• a form of criterion-related validity in which the measurement suggests the form of tx the person should receive
• the prescriptive validity of the measurement is judged based on the successful outcome of the tx

Question 12

qualitative research

Answer 12

• data are from observation, interviews or verbal interactions and focus on the meanings and interpretations of the participants

Question 13

quantitative research

Answer 13

• data are measurements of outcomes that can be subjected to analysis by traditional inferential statistics

Question 14

probability sampling

Answer 14

-a method of sampling that uses some form of random selection. every member of the population must have the same probability of being selected for the sample, since the sample should be free of bias and representative of the population

Question 15

systematic sampling

Answer 15

• subjects are selected by taking every n^th subject from the population
• the size of the interval is based on the size of the population and the desired sample size
• the greatest advantage associated with this sampling technique is its simplicity

Question 16

stratified random sampling

Answer 16

• also called proportional or quota sampling
• the population is divided into homogenous subgroups and then a simple random sample is drawn from each
• stratified random sampling assures that the sample will be representative of key subgroups of the population in addition to the overall population

Question 17

cluster sampling

Answer 17

• the population is divided into clusters or areas and a random sample of the clusters is selected
• then, all of the units in the selected samples are measured
• the sampling technique is less costly and more efficient than simple random sampling, especially when the population is spread across a wide geographic region

Question 18

non-probability sampling

Answer 18

• any method of sampling that does not involve random selection of subjects

Question 19

convenience sampling

Answer 19

• as the name suggests, the sample is selected from subjects who are convenient or readily available to the researcher

Question 20

purposive sampling

Answer 20

-subjects are deliberately selected based on predefined criteria chosen by the investigators

Question 21

quota sampling

Answer 21

• similar to stratified random sampling, except that subjects from each subgroup are not selected randomly
• after identifying the subgroups or strata of interest from the population, the researcher uses convenience sampling to select the required number of subjects from each stratum

Question 22

snowballing sampling

Answer 22

• subjects are identified by asking existing subjects to identify the names of other potential participants
• snowball sampling is used when the characteristic to be studied is rare and it would be extremely difficult and costly to identify individuals with this characteristic