Reliability of memory Flashcards
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the Cerebral Cortex?
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- Heavily involved in explicit/declarative memory processes
- Episodic memories tend to be stored in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe
- Components of our memories (visual images, sound) are stored in areas through the cerebral cortex
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the Hippocampus?
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- Role is to consolidate memories (turn STM into LTM) specifically for explicit/declarative memories
- NOT involved in implicit memories
- It also has a role in emotional memory as well as spatial memory
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the Amygdala?
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- Involved in the formation of procedural (implicit) memories
- Involved in emotional memory and links emotions and emotional responses to declarative/explicit memories.
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It helps increase the memorability of experiences as we can remember them by the emotions we experienced at the time the memory was formed.
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the cerebellum?
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- Procedural memories are processed, encoded, and stored by the cerebellum.
- It also plays a role in memory of how to perform a motor skill.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
Define recognition
Recognition involves identifying (‘recognising’) the original, learnt information.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
Define relearning
Learning information again that has previously been learned and stored in LTM
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
Define reconstruction
The process of integrating stored information with other that is available to form a more coherent, complete, or accurate memory.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
Define context dependent cues
Cues in the external environment
The place/setting in which a memory was formed acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
Define state dependant cues
Cues in the internal environment - the psychological or physiological condition in which a memory was made acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
What is recall?
Recall involves reproducing information stored in memory.
You bring the information into conscious awareness and doing so provides evidence that something previously learned was retained.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
(Recall) Define free recall.
Free recall involves reproducing as much information as possible in no particular order without the use of any specific cue.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
(Recall) Define serial recall.
Serial recall involves reproducing information in the order in which it was learned.
I.E telling a friend about an overseas holiday and recall the names of the cities in the order in which you visited them.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
(Recall) Define cued recall.
Cued recall involves the use of specific prompts (‘cues’) to aid retrieval and therefore reproduction of the required information, ie first letter of a word is given.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
What is serial position effect?
The serial position effect is a research finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of the list than for items in the middle of the list.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
(Serial position effect)
- Primary effect
- Recency effect
The primacy effect describes superior recall of items at the beginning of a list.
The recency effect describes superior recall of items at the end of a list.
Factors influencing memory
Define leading question
Are questions framed in such a manner that they ‘set up’ an individual to respond on a particular way
Factors influencing memory
Loftus and Palmer’s Eye-Witness Testimony Experiment
Loftus has found that eye-witness testimony is not always accurate because eye-witnesses reconstruct their memories and their reconstructed memories can be manipulated by leading questions that contain misleading information. Many of her studies typically involve showing participants a short video or set of slides on an event such as a car accident. Participants are then asked specific questions about the scene they ‘witnessed’. Sometimes, information that was not present in the actual scene or which contradicts the scene is introduced. At other times, leading questions are asked.
Brain trauma define
Refers to any kind of brain injury or damage that leads to impairment in the normal functioning of the brain
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- Can be congenital (from birth)
- Or acquired through exposure to the environment and particular events
Brain trauma
Amnesia
Define Anterograde amnesia
Refers to a loss of memory of events/ experience that occurs after the injury
Brain trauma
Amnesia
Define Retrograde amnesia
Refers to a loss of memory of events/ experience that occur before the injury
Brain trauma
Amnesia
Patients with Anterograde amnesia often suffer…
damage to the medial temporal lobe which includes the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as connection to the frontal lobe
Brain trauma
Amnesia
Patients ….
have difficultly in forming and storing new declarative memories
Brain trauma
Alzheimer’s disease affects…
memory because they result in degeneration of the patient’s neurons in their brain (neurodegenerative diseases)
Brain trauma
Alzheimer’s disease
What happens to the neurons in the brain
Progressively ‘break down’ and become destroyed
Brain trauma
Alzheimer’s disease
The destruction of neuron within the brain stops…
neural communication that would otherwise lead to the formation and consolidation of new memories, as well as the retrieval of previously stored memories.
Brain trauma
Alzheimer’s disease
What causes the disease
Damage to a particular brain area or the formation of toxic amyloid plaques
