Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CASE 22 NEURAL TUBE DEFECT > Relevant EMCQPC22-3 > Flashcards

Relevant EMCQPC22-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are primarily caused by:
a) Insufficient folate supplementation
b) Maternal fever during the second trimester
c) Chromosomal aberrations
d) Fetal exposure to amniotic band syndrome

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do neural tube defects typically develop?
a) During the 1st week of pregnancy
b) Between the 3rd and 4th week of pregnancy
c) During the 2nd trimester
d) In the final weeks of pregnancy

A

Between the 3rd and 4th week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which end of the neural tube is more commonly affected by spina bifida?
a) Cranial end
b) Caudal end
c) Middle region
d) Both ends equally

A

b) Caudal end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the term used to describe spina bifida without any apparent clinical features?
a) Myelomeningocele
b) Anencephaly
c) Spina bifida occulta
d) Cranial fissure malformation

A

c) Spina bifida occulta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most severe manifestation of cranial fissure malformations?
a) Myelomeningocele
b) Anencephaly
c) Spina bifida occulta
d) Chiari II malformation

A

b) Anencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are neural tube defects often diagnosed during pregnancy?
a) Genetic testing
b) Maternal blood test for alpha-fetoprotein levels
c) Ultrasound examination
d) Fetal MRI

A

c) Ultrasound examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the primary symptom of myelomeningocele?
a) Bladder dysfunction
b) Cranial cleft formation
c) Cranial fissure malformation
d) Sensory and motor function loss

A

d) Sensory and motor function loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which prenatal marker can be used to detect neural tube defects?
a) Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels
b) Decreased alpha-fetoprotein levels
c) Elevated hCG levels
d) Decreased hCG levels

A

a) Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the recommended timing for initiating folate supplementation to prevent NTDs?
a) At the time of conception
b) 1 week after conception
c) 4 weeks prior to conception
d) During the 2nd trimester

A

c) 4 weeks prior to conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the treatment for neural tube defects?
a) Prophylactic administration of antibiotics
b) Fetal surgery during the 1st trimester
c) Administration of anticonvulsant drugs
d) Rapid surgical closure of the defect

A

d) Rapid surgical closure of the defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which drug can interfere with folate metabolism and increase the risk of NTDs?
a) Methotrexate
b) Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
c) Ibuprofen
d) Aspirin

A

a) Methotrexate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following is not a maternal risk factor for NTDs?
a) Folate deficiency
b) Pregestational diabetes mellitus
c) Obesity
d) Exposure to amniotic band syndrome

A

d) Exposure to amniotic band syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common type of NTD affecting the spine?
a) Myelomeningocele
b) Anencephaly
c) Spina bifida occulta
d) Cranial fissure malformation

A

d) Cranial fissure malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which genetic abnormality is associated with an increased risk of NTDs?
a) Trisomy 13
b) Trisomy 21
c) Trisomy 18
d) Turner syndrome

A

c) Trisomy 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary cause of NTDs in the fetus?
a) Maternal obesity
b) Maternal fever during the third trimester
c) Fetal exposure to amniotic band syndrome
d) Chromosomal aberrations and other genetic factors

A

d) Chromosomal aberrations and other genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of neural tube defect is covered by skin and/or connective tissue?
a) Open NTD
b) Closed NTD
c) Myelomeningocele
d) Anencephaly

A

b) Closed NTD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which region of the spine is most commonly affected by spinal defects?
a) Cervical region
b) Thoracic region
c) Lumbar or sacral region
d) Coccygeal region

A

c) Lumbar or sacral region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the term used to describe defects at the cranial end of the neural tube?
a) Spina bifida occulta
b) Myelomeningocele
c) Cranial fissure malformation
d) Anencephaly

A

d) Anencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of prophylactic administration of antibiotics in the treatment of NTDs?
a) Prevent CNS infections
b) Promote fetal brain development
c) Reduce maternal fever
d) Stimulate folate metabolism

A

a) Prevent CNS infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Besides folate deficiency, which maternal condition is associated with an increased risk of NTDs?
a) Hypothyroidism
b) Gestational diabetes mellitus
c) Rheumatoid arthritis
d) Hyperthyroidism

A

b) Gestational diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of neural tube defect is characterized by a vertebral bone defect without herniation?
a) Lipomyelomeningocele
b) Myeloschisis
c) Myelocele
d) Meningocele

A

d) Meningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common closed neural tube defect?
a) SPina bifida occulta
b) Lipomyelomeningocele
c) Myelomeningocele
d) Myelocele

A

a) SPina bifida occulta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of neural tube defect is characterized by a subcutaneous mass in the lumbar or sacral region and contains fat tissue covered by skin?
a) Lipomyelomeningocele
b) Myeloschisis
c) Lipomeningocele
d) Meningocele

A

c) Lipomeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the characteristic feature of Chiari II malformation?
a) Motor loss and flaccid paralysis
b) Hydrocephalus
c) Maternal diabetes and folate deficiency
d) Myelomeningocele

A

b) Hydrocephalus
why not d??
Myelomeningocele is a type of neural tube defect characterized by the herniation of meninges and parts of the spinal cord through a vertebral bone defect. It is often associated with Chiari II malformation, which involves displacement of the cerebellum and brainstem downward through the foramen magnum. This displacement can obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lead to hydrocephalus, which is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which type of neural tube defect is associated with a collection of fat, patch of hair, and normal levels of AFP?
a) Spina bifida occulta
b) Lipomyelomeningocele
c) Myeloschisis
d) Meningocele

A

a) Spina bifida occulta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of neural tube defect is characterized by a subcutaneous mass in the lumbar or sacral region, contains fat tissue covered by skin, and has normal levels of AFP?
a) Lipomyelomeningocele
b) Lipomeningocele
c) Myelocele
d) Meningocele

A

b) Lipomeningocele
Just confirm with your lectures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which neural tube defect is associated with bladder and bowel dysfunction, developmental delays, and cognitive impairment?
a) Pina bifida occulta
b) Myelomeningocele
c) Myeloschisis
d) Myelocele

A

b) Myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which neural tube defect is the most severe subtype and is characterized by bare, exposed neural tissue without coverage of meninges, bones, or skin?
a) Pina bifida occulta
b) Lipomyelomeningocele
c) Myeloschisis
d) Myelocele

A

c) Myeloschisis
confirm this answer with your lectures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which neural tube defect is associated with a vertebral bone defect and parts of the spinal cord herniating without meningeal coverage?
a) Pina bifida occulta
b) Lipomyelomeningocele
c) Myeloschisis
d) Myelocele

A

d) Myelocele

30
Q

True or False: Myelomeningocele is associated with maternal diabetes and folate deficiency.

A

True

31
Q

True or False: Meningocele is associated with motor loss and flaccid paralysis.

A

False

32
Q

True or False: Lipomeningocele contains fat tissue and is covered by skin, but it does not have a subcutaneous mass.

A

False

33
Q

Myelomeningocele is the characteristic feature of Chiari II malformation.

A

True

34
Q

What is the main screening test used during the prenatal period?
a) Amniocentesis
b) Ultrasonography
c) Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) test
d) AChE test

A

c) Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) test

35
Q

MSAFP is primarily elevated in which type of neural tube defects (NTDs)?
a) Open NTDs
b) Closed NTDs
c) Spina bifida occulta
d) Anencephaly

A

A

36
Q

Which NTD is associated with a lack of cranial vault and brain tissue?
a) Spina bifida occulta
b) Anencephaly
c) Meningocele
d) Encephalocele

A
37
Q

What are the characteristic findings in anencephaly on ultrasonography?
a) Absence of cranial vault and brain tissue
b) Presence of residual, disorganized cerebellar and/or brainstem tissue
c) Bulging eyes and underdeveloped forehead
d) All of the above

A

D

38
Q

Which condition is often associated with polyhydramnios?
a) Anencephaly
b) Spina bifida occulta
c) Meningocele
d) Encephalocele

A

a) Anencephaly

39
Q

What is the purpose of screening for malformations of other structures during ultrasonography?
a) To identify potential chromosomal abnormalities
b) To rule out other causes of elevated MSAFP
c) To confirm the presence of open NTDs
d) To detect abdominal wall defects

A

d) To detect abdominal wall defects

40
Q

When should amniocentesis be performed in relation to other screening tests?
a) Prior to ultrasonography
b) After elevated MSAFP but inconclusive ultrasound findings
c) As the initial screening test
d) Only if AChE is elevated in amniotic fluid

A

b) After elevated MSAFP but inconclusive ultrasound findings

41
Q

What does an increase in both AFP and AChE in amniotic fluid indicate?
a) Closed NTDs
b) Trisomy 13
c) Open NTDs
d) Trisomy 18

A

C

42
Q

In addition to NTDs, what can amniocentesis be used to test for?
a) Gestational age miscalculation
b) Multiple gestations
c) Fetal death
d) Chromosomal abnormalities

A

: d) Chromosomal abnormalities

43
Q

True or False: AFP is only elevated in open NTDs.

A

True

44
Q

Which screening test is NOT used to detect open NTDs?
a) Amniocentesis
b) MSAFP test
c) Ultrasonography
d) AChE test

A

d) AChE test

45
Q

At what stage of gestation is ultrasonography typically performed for screening?
a) 10-12 weeks
b) 16-18 weeks
c) 20-22 weeks
d) 24-26 weeks

A

c) 20-22 weeks

46
Q

Which structure is absent in anencephaly?
a) Cranial vault
b) Brain tissue
c) Cerebellum
d) Brainstem

A

a) Cranial vault

47
Q

True or False: Elevated MSAFP is observed in spina bifida occulta.

A

False

48
Q

What is the purpose of the quad screen test?
a) To identify open NTDs
b) To detect chromosomal abnormalities
c) To confirm ultrasound findings
d) To assess fetal death

A

b) To detect chromosomal abnormalities

49
Q

Which condition may present with bulging eyes and an underdeveloped forehead?
a) Meningocele
b) Encephalocele
c) Spina bifida occulta
d) Anencephaly

A

d) Anencephaly

50
Q

True or False: An elevated MSAFP may be caused by miscalculated gestational age.

A

True

51
Q

What is the purpose of using amniocentesis as a confirmation test?
a) To identify multiple gestations
b) To detect fetal death
c) To confirm open NTDs when ultrasound findings are inconclusive
d) To assess AFP levels in amniotic fluid

A

c) To confirm open NTDs when ultrasound findings are inconclusive

52
Q

Besides open NTDs, which chromosomal abnormality can be tested using amniocentesis?
a) Trisomy 13
b) Trisomy 18
c) Trisomy 21
d) Turner syndrome

A

a) Trisomy 13 and b) Trisomy 18

53
Q

What is the significance of an increase in both AFP and AChE in amniotic fluid?
a) Closed NTDs are likely
b) Chromosomal abnormalities are present
c) Open NTDs are highly probable
d) Miscalculated gestational age is likely

A

c) Open NTDs are highly probable

54
Q

What is the recommended daily folate supplementation for women planning or capable of pregnancy?
a) 200-400 μg/day
b) 400-800 μg/day
c) 800-1200 μg/day
d) 1200-1600 μg/day

A

b) 400-800 μg/day

55
Q

After counseling, patients with prenatal concerns should be referred to specialized clinics for which of the following options?
a) Neonatal ICU admission
b) Pediatric neurosurgery
c) Continuation or termination of the pregnancy
d) Fetal surgery

A

c) Continuation or termination of the pregnancy

56
Q

In cases of myelomeningocele, when is fetal surgery typically indicated?
a) Only if maternal risk factors are present
b) Only if fetal risk factors are present
c) Depending on both fetal and maternal risk factors
d) Fetal surgery is not indicated in myelomeningocele cases

A

c) Depending on both fetal and maternal risk factors

57
Q

In which type of center should deliveries of babies with myelomeningocele take place?
a) Any general hospital with obstetric services
b) Specialized centers providing neonatal ICU and pediatric neurosurgery
c) Birthing centers with midwife-led care
d) Home births with a qualified midwife

A

b) Specialized centers providing neonatal ICU and pediatric neurosurgery

58
Q

What is the recommended birth mode for babies with myelomeningocele?
a) Vaginal delivery
b) Emergency cesarean delivery
c) Prelabor cesarean delivery
d) Induced labor with assisted vaginal delivery

A

c) Prelabor cesarean delivery

59
Q

How should the defect in open neural tube defects (NTDs) be managed immediately after delivery?
a) Cover with sterile, wet compresses
b) Apply direct pressure on the defect
c) Clean with antiseptic solution and leave open to air
d) Apply a tight bandage over the defect

A

What is the recommended timeframe for performing surgery in cases of open NTDs?
a) Within 24 hours after delivery
b) Within 48 hours after delivery
c) Within 72 hours after delivery
d) After 1 week of delivery

60
Q

How should closed NTDs be managed initially?
a) Immediate surgery is necessary
b) Close monitoring and possible elective surgery
c) Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics
d) Application of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

A

b) Close monitoring and possible elective surgery

61
Q

Which intervention should be considered for the management of hydrocephalus in babies with NTDs?
a) Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics
b) Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt
c) Immediate surgical closure of the defect
d) Prophylactic administration of folic acid

A

b) Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

62
Q

What are some long-term care options for babies with myelomeningocele?
a) Administration of antiepileptic drugs
b) Surgical closure of the defect after 1 year of age
c) Physical therapy and rehabilitation programs
d) Prophylactic administration of corticosteroids

A

c) Physical therapy and rehabilitation programs

63
Q

When should folate supplementation be initiated for women planning a pregnancy?
a) At least 2 weeks prior to conception
b) At least 4 weeks prior to conception
c) At least 6 weeks prior to conception
d) At least 8 weeks prior to conception

A

b) At least 4 weeks prior to conception

64
Q

What is the recommended daily folate supplementation for women with planned pregnancies?
a) 200-400 μg/day
b) 400-800 μg/day
c) 800-1200 μg/day
d) 1200-1600 μg/day

A

d) 1200-1600 μg/day
😳😳why? Pls confirm

65
Q

How long should folate supplementation be continued during pregnancy?
a) Throughout the entire pregnancy
b) Until the end of the second trimester
c) Until the end of the first trimester
d) Until the beginning of the third trimester

A

c) Until the end of the first trimester

66
Q

What is the purpose of prophylactic administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in postnatal management?
a) To prevent neurogenic bladder dysfunction
b) To reduce the risk of CNS infection
c) To promote wound healing
d) To prevent hydrocephalus

A

b) To reduce the risk of CNS infection

67
Q

What is the recommended daily folate supplementation for women with no planned pregnancies?
a) 200-400 μg/day
b) 400-800 μg/day
c) 800-1200 μg/day
d) 1200-1600 μg/day

A

a) 200-400 μg/day
No planned 🤔

68
Q

What is the primary goal of surgical treatment for open NTDs?
a) To restore neurological function
b) To prevent hydrocephalus
c) To reduce the risk of infection
d) To improve bladder control

A

c) To reduce the risk of infection

69
Q

What is the recommended daily folate supplementation for women with no planned pregnancies and a previous history of NTD?
a) 200-400 μg/day
b) 400-800 μg/day
c) 800-1200 μg/day
d) 4 mg/day

A

d) 4 mg/day
High risk

70
Q

What is the primary purpose of myelomeningocele fetal surgery?
a) To improve bladder control
b) To prevent hydrocephalus
c) To repair the neural tube defect before birth
d) To reduce the risk of infection after delivery

A

c) To repair the neural tube defect before birth
How 😳

71
Q

What is the recommended daily folate supplementation for all women planning or capable of pregnancy?
a) 200-400 μg/day
b) 400-800 μg/day
c) 800-1200 μg/day
d) 1200-1600 μg/day

A

b) 400-800 μg/day

CASE 22 NEURAL TUBE DEFECT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions