releasing energy with Oxygen

Question 1

outline the link reaction with reference to the substrate and products

Answer 1

Within the mitochondrion matrix, pyruvate reacts with co-enzyme A, forming CO2, acetyl CoA and NADH.
catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenaseIt needs TPP to work (made from thymine),

without thymine can’t get passed this point

Question 2

outline the tricarboxylic acid cycle including the substrates and products, the phosphorylation of glucose and the production of triose phosphate

Answer 2

Form ATP from GDP3 molecules of NADH are produces and 1 molecule of FADH22 molecules of ATP (from GTP)First one is sped up by ADPRedox reaction, is it allosteric or is it covalent (by phosphorylating it)

Question 3

h. outline why the yield of ATP from respiration is less than is theoretically possible

Answer 3

some is used up during the reaction

Question 4

i. outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation including the roles of electron carriers and oxygen

Answer 4

.Reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH from other steps of cellular respiration transfer their electrons to molecules near the beginning of the transport chain becoming NAD and FAD, which can be reused in other steps of cellular respiration.

As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to pump H ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an electrochemical gradient.

At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H to form water.

As H ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.