relationsjips Flashcards
evolutionary-
what is sexual selection?
selection of characteristics that aid successful reproduction
evolutionary-
which sec tend to be more picky?
women
evolutionary-
what is anisogamy?
the difference between male and female sex cells ghat come together to reproduce
evolutionary-
what is an example of sexual selection?
peacocks
evolutionary- inter-
between which sexes does this occur?
between male and female
evolutionary- inter-
what is it?
traits that increase attractiveness
evolutionary- inter- Trivers-
what is his theory?
female reproduction requires more energy and resources, so must pick the right partner
evolutionary- inter- fisher-
what hypothesis did fisher come up with?
sexy sons hypothesis- mothers want they’d sons to have these sexy characteristics
evolutionary- inter- fisher-
what do men want?
young women
evolutionary- intra-
which sexed is this between?
the same sex
evolutionary- intra-
what traits does this consist of?
traits that allow you to compete within your sec
evolutionary- intra-
what increases mens likelihood of being selected??
strategies
evolutionary- intra-
which sec is there more competition between?
men (as women are choosier)
evolutionary- evaluation-
what are the strengths?
RESEARCH SUPPORT.
CLARK and HATFIELD- student approached opposite gender and asked “will you go to bed with me tonight?”. 75% male agreed, no women.
this shows how women are more picky.
RESEARCH SUPPORT.
BUSS- 10,000 adults access 33 countries. found women prefer intelligence, financial security and ability to provide, while men prefer younger women.
supports inter sexual selection, all things you can change about yourself to appear more attractive.
Evolutionary- evaluation-
What are the limitations?
TOO SIMPLISTIC.
BUSS and SCHMITT- adopt similar mating strategies for long term relationships, both sexes are very choosy.
Both choose partners who are living logical and kind, so males. Can also be picky.
SOCIAL CHANGE.
BERECZKEI- social things changes helps consequences for women mate preferences.
Unlikely that the only way of preference is evolution. (Birth control)
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What is self disclosure?
Revealing personal information, romantic partnered reveal more about themselves as their relationship develops
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
Who created social penetration theory?
Altman and Taylor (1973)
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What does self-disclosure create in a relationship?
Trust
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What is reciprocal exchange?
One partner reveals something and then the other
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What does revealing information show?
Deeper penetration
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What is suggested by the partners not revealing information?
Lack of trust on at least one side, which may cause difficulties in the relationship
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What are the two dimensions of self disclosure?
Breadth and depth
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What a metaphor is used to describe breadth and depth?
Onion
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What occurs first? Breadth or depth?
Breadth, more information is revealed but it is less important information
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
Which occurs second? Breadth or depth?
Depth, information is reveal which is more important to the individual
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
What is de-penetration?
Dissatisfied partners self-disclose less as they disengage from the relationship
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure-
Who stated there needed to be a reciprocal element of self disclosure?
Reis and Shaver (1988)
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure- evaluation-
What are the strengths?
RESEARCH SUPPORT.
Sprecher and Hendrick (2004)- srudies heterosexual dating couples, found string correlations with satisfaction and self- disclosure for both partners, people who believed they were using self disclosure were more satisfied and and committed.
Shows relationships are more satisfying where couples self-disclosure.
Increases the validity and that self disclosure leads to more satisfying relationships.
HELPS IMPROVE COMMUNICATION IN RELATIONSHIPS.
Haas and Stafford (1998)- 57% homosexual M and W, said self disclosure was the main way they maintained deeper connections.
Self disclosure is shown to benefit their relationships.
Factors affecting attraction- self-disclosure- evaluation-
What are the limitations?
FINDINGS ARE OFTEN CORRELATIONAL.
Sprecher and Hendrick (2004)- studied heterosexual relationships as self disclosure increases so does relationship satisfaction.
This indicates a positive correlation between satisfaction and self-disclosure.
Correlations only include a possible relationship, they do not conclude cause and effect,
This suggests something other than self disclosure could cause an increased satisfaction.
MAY SUFFER WITH CULTURE BUAS.
Social penetration theory was based on western cultures, (individualistic).
Tang (2013), people in America tended to disclose more sexual things than partners in China. Satisfaction was still high in both cultures.
Satisfaction in China should be less satisfied due to less self disclosure, which is not true.
This limits the generalisability.
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness-
Is physical attraction believed to be the foundation of a relationship?
Yes
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness-
What did Shackelford and Larsen (1097), suggest was a feature showing genetic fitness?
Symmetrical faces
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness-
What is the matching hypothesis?
We look for partners who are similarly as attractive as us, and have similar personalities and intelligence leves
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness- Walster-
What was the procedure?
At a dance, people attractiveness was rated (secretley), filled in a questionaries, they were told this would help the computer pairing, they were in fact paired randomly
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness- Walster-
Does this support the matching hypothesis?
No, couples were happy if one was a 5 and the others was a 10, so it appears they did not take their own attractiveness into account
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness- Berscheid-
What was the procedure?
Bought tickets to a dance, attractiveness was assessed by four judges, completed a questionnaire about important factors in a relationship, they then chose their own partner from a line up
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness- Berscheid-
What were the findings?
Physical attractiveness was deemed as the most important factor, they chose someone who had matched themselves in the judges ratings
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness- Dion-
What is the halo effect?
This is basically pretty privilege, your features influence how people judge you, it is typically disproportionally positive
Factors affecting attraction- physical attractiveness- evaluation-
Question?
Evaluation point
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
Who created filter theory?
Kerschoff and Davis
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
What is filter theory?
We apply a criteria that enables us to narrow down those that are available to choose the right person for us,
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
What are the stages within filter theory?
- social demography
- similarity in attitudes
- complimentary
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
What does social demography refer to?
Influences rate chances a of meeting our partner
E.g. social class, where we live,
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
What is social demography?
The chances of you meeting your partner in the first place.
E.g. social class, where we live, education, ethnicity
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
What is homogamy?
We are more likely to enter a relationship with someone who is socially and culturally similar
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory-
What is similarity in attitudes?
The partners have similarities, which are more important in the beginning of a relationship. As sharing values increases effectiveness of communication and self-disclosure.
Factors affecting attraction- Filter theory-
What is complimentary?
Will often look for a partner who meets our needs.
We may have a skill our partner lacks and vide versa, opposites actually attract in along term relationship. This positively effects attraction.
Factors affecting attraction- Filter theory- Evaluation-
What is a strength?
- research support for Kerschoff and Davis.
- longitudinal, q in SiA and C, found under 18 months SiA was more important, over 18 months, C was more important. (Q were 7 months apart)
Factors affecting attraction- filter theory- evaluation-
What are three limitations?
- lacks reliability through failure to replicate. (Levinger- can’t replicate due to social change, and issues defining long term and short term relationships).
- inconsistent findings. (Markey and Markey (2013), equally dominant lesbian couples were happiest 4.5 years in, at this pint, C should be more important. Due to this being a long term relationship.).
- perceived similarity is more port at. (Montoya (2008)- actual similarity only affected in short term lab based relationships. Partners perceive more similarities as they become more attracted to each other.)
Theories- SET-
Who created the social exchange theory?
Thibault and Kelley (1856)
Theories- SET-
What is SET based on?
The economic Orinoco-less of exchange. Aiming to minimise losses and maximise gains
Theories- SET-
