Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology: Paper 3 > Issues And Debates > Flashcards

Issues And Debates Flashcards

1
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is gender bias?

A

Psychological research or theories that do not represent the experience or behaviour of men or women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is universality?

A

Any underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite the differences of experiences or upbringing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is alpha bias?

A

A bias that exaggerates the differences between men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is an example of alpha bias?

A

Freud psychosexual stages- boys gave castration anxiety, this is resolved when they identify with the same sex parent. Girls identification with their mother is weaker so their superego is. This makes them naturally inferior to boys
Favours women is psychodynamic approach, Chodorow (1968), suggested that daughters and mothers have a greater connection than mothers and sons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is beta bias?

A

When differences between male and female are minimised,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is a example of beta bias?

A

‘Fight or flight’, Taylor discovered that women go through ‘tend and befriend’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What hormone do women release when in a a threatening situation?

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is androcentrism?

A

Alpha and beta bias is a result of androcentrism this has caused a male dominated version of the world,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is an example of androcentrism?

A

American Psychologist Society published the top 100 most influential psychologists, only 6 o them were women.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What do feminists reject?

A

The diagnostic category ‘premenstrual syndrome’ as it medicalises women’s emotions, such as anger, saying it is hormonal. While mens anger is seen as rational and due to external pressure. Uhlmann (2008)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is culture bias?

A

Reference to the tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through our own ‘lens ‘ of our own culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is ethnocentrism?

A

Judging another culture by the standards and values of your own culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is an example of ethnocentrism in a study?

A

Ainsworth- the ideal attachment in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is the etic approach?

A

Looks at behaviour from outside of a culture and attempts to describe the findings as universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is the emic approach?

A

Functions from the inside of the culture and identifies behaviour specific to that culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
Who is an example of imposed etic?

A

Ainsworth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
Who identified the etic and emic approach?

A

Berry (1969)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is cultural relativism?

A

The idea that norms and values, as well as ethics and moral standards can only be meaningful and understood within within specific cultural and social context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What is the nature vs nurture debate?

A

It is concerned wit the extent to which aspects of behaviour is a product of inheritance or acquired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What is teh interaction isn’t approach?

A

The idea that natures and nurture are linked to such an extent it does not make any sense to separate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What is the diva thesis stress model?

A

States that behaviour is caused by a biological or environmental vulnerability, and is only expressed when coupled with a biological or environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What Is an example of the diathesis stress model?

A

OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What is epigenetics?

A

A change in our genetic activity without changing our gene code, is caused by interaction with the environment. Epigenetic marks in ourDNA are Claude from by events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What do epigenetic marks on our DNA tell us to do?

A

Tells our body which genes to ignore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nature vs Nurture-
What is the third argument that epigenetic brings into the debate?

A

The experience of previous generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 1?

A

Focuses on hereditary, hormones, and chemicals, though the interaction with the environment is acknowledged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 2?

A

Basic instinct drives Such as sex and aggression drive behaviour but the relationship with your own parents is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 3?

A

Innate decision making abilities are constantly refined by experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 4?

A

Accepts the influence of basic physiological arguments but the focus id on the persons experience in their own environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 5?

A

The mind is a blank slate at birth. Behaviour is learned through experiences in our own environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
Where do the approaches fit on this scale?
(Psychodynamic, cognitive, biological, behaviourist, humanistic)

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychodynamic
  3. Cognitive
  4. Humanistic
  5. Behaviourist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Free will and determinism-
Which approaches back up free will?

A

The humanistic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Free will and determinism-
Which approaches back up determinism?

A

Behaviourist, biological, cognitive, psychodynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is free will?

A

The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is determinism?

A

Views on individual behaviour is controlled by internal or external factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is hard determinism?

A

Free will is not possible, always internal or external factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Free will and determinism-
What os soft determinism?

A

All events have causes, but can be determine by conscious choices in the absence of pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is biological determinism?

A

Behaviour is determined by biological influenced (genetic, hormonal, and evolutionary) that we cant control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is environmental determinism?

A

Caused by features of the environment, (such as reward and punishment) which we cannot control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is psychic determinism?

A

Belief behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is an example of free will in approaches?

A

Humanistic approach- Rodger’s (client central thereby)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is an examples of an external factor?

A

Rewarding certain behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is an example of an internal force?

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Free will and determinism-
What kind of determinism is the general laws?

A

Hard determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Free will and determinism-
What is one of the basic principles of science?

A

Cause and effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What is Holism?

A

The idea that human behaviour should only be considered at a whole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What kind of psychologists adopt a holistic approach?

A

Gestalt psychologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What are some examples of approaches that take a holistic approach?

A

Cognitive psychologists, and humanistic psychologists

56
Q

Holism and reductionism-
Does Holism use quantitative or qualitative data?

A

Qualitative

57
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What is the view of gestalt psychologists?

A

A whole is greater than the sum of its parts

58
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What is reductionism?

A

The belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller parts

59
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What is parsimony?

A

The idea that complex phenomenon should be explained in the simplest terms

60
Q

Holism and reductionism-
What is occm’s razor?

A

One should not make necessary assumptions and that a problem is often simplest

61
Q

Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the lowest level of explanation?

A

Physiological (biological)- explained in neurotransmitters, genes and brain structure 

62
Q

Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the middle level of reductionism?

A

Psychological (cognitive and behavioural)-

63
Q

Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the middle level of reductionism?

A

Psychological (cognitive and behavioural)-

64
Q

Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the highest level of reductionism?

A

Social and cultural- behaviour is explained by influence

65
Q

Holism and reductionism- LoR-
What is an example of levels of reductionism?

A

OCD and memory

66
Q

Holism and reductionism- BR-
What is biological reductionism?

A

Believes all behaviour id biological, believes in genetic influences, neurochemicals, evolution, and physiology

67
Q

Holism and reductionism- BR-
What is an example of biological reductionism?

A

Drugs which increase serotonin often help to treat OCD, therefore low serotonin must cause OCD

68
Q

Holism and reductionism- ER-
What is another way of saying environmental determinism?

A

Stimulus - response

69
Q

Holism and reductionism- ER-
What is environmental determinism?

A

All behaviour is learnt through environment

70
Q

Holism and reductionism- ER-
Which approach is an example of environmental reductionism?

A

The behaviourist approach

71
Q

Holism and reductionism- ER-
What is an example of environmental reductionism?

A

The learning theory of attachment, reduces the idea of love to a learned association,

72
Q

Holism and reductionism-
Order of these from Holism to reductionism? (Psychology, physics, sociology, chemistry, biology)

A

Sociology, psychology, biology, chemistry, physics

75
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is idiographic?

A

Research that focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour rather than aiming to create general laws of research

76
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What amount of pps are in an idiographic study?

A

Small amount of pps/ typically case studies

77
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What kind of measures are used?

A

Qualitative (such as interviews)

78
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approaches are the most idiographic?

A

Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches

79
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a humanistic approach example?

A

Rosters sought to explain the process of self development including the unconditional positive regard, this was derived from in depth conversations with clients in therapy

80
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a psychodynamic example?

A

Frauds careful observation of individuals where the basis of his explanation of human nature e.g. little Hans

81
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is the nomothetic approach?

A

An approach that attempts to study human behaviour through the development of general principles and universal laws

82
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What kind of data is used?

A

Quantitative data (follows scientific methods)

83
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
In which approach are hypothesis formed?

A

Nomothetic

84
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approach forms a hypothesis?

A

Nomothetic

85
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which are the main nomothetic approaches?

A

Behaviouralist and biological approach

86
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a behaviourist approach example of nomothetic research?

A

Skinner- used animals to study general laws of learning

87
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a biological approach example nomothetic approach?

A

Sperrys split brain research

88
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approach is subjective?

A

Idiographic approach

89
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approach is objective?

A

Nomothetic approach

90
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What are idiographic examples?

A
  • little Hans- fear of castration, we have unique childhood experiences
  • little Albert- conditions= fear of rats
  • Clive wearing- LTM A
  • HM- STM. Stores
  • PS WJ- sperry split brain and visual fields
91
Q

Idiographic and nomothetic-
What are some nomothetic examples?

A
  • OCD= low serotonin (treated through drug therapy)
  • Pavlov + Skinner= created general laws of learning
  • Lorenz= critical period amounts animals, (Bowlby with children)
  • Asch= studies are generalised to all cultures
  • Ainsworth= laws of attachment to all cultures
  • fight or flight= generalised from men to women
  • Adorno= F-scale, applied germant
95
Q

Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which is the biological approach and why?

A

Deterministic (biological)- can say schizophrenia causes behaviour

96
Q

Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the behaviourist approach?

A

Deterministic (environmental)- we are controlled through stimulus- response

97
Q

Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which is the social learning theory?

A

Deterministic (soft)- takes in free will into account

98
Q

Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the cognitive approach?

A

Deterministic (sodt)- conditioned by meditational process

99
Q

Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the psychodynamic approach?

A

Deterministic (psychic)- behaviour is based on childhood experience

100
Q

Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the humanistic approach?

A

Free will- only approach to consider free will (hierarchy of needs, deaf determination)

101
Q

Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the biological approach support?

A

Nature- cant change biology after it is created (testosterone= aggression)

102
Q

Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the behaviourist approach support?

A

Nurture- classical and operant conditioning, all humans are born a blank slate

103
Q

Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the social learning theory support?

A

Nurture- behaviour is learnt though observable behaviour, (Bandura- bobo doll)

104
Q

Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the cognitive approach support?

A

Nature + nurture- process= nature, attention= nurture, input= environment

105
Q

Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the psychodynamic approach?

A

Nature and aspects of nurture- ID, EGO, SUPEREGO= nurture, Oedipus and Electra complex= nature

106
Q

Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which ones does the humanistic approach support?

A

Nurture- hierarchy of needs, have to strive to achieve self-actualisation

107
Q

Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does biological approach support?

A

Reductionism (biological)-ignores free will, localisation of function

108
Q

Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the behaviourist approach support?

A

Reductionist (environmental)- ignores biological elements and ignores free will,

109
Q

Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the social learning theory support?

A

Reductionist (environmental)- law ignores biological factors (only environmental and free will)

110
Q

Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the cognitive approach support?

A

Reductionist (machine and environmental)- the mind is like a computer

111
Q

Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the psychodynamic approach support?

A

Both- uses case studies, behaviourist is reduced into small bits

112
Q

Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the humanistic approach support?

A

Holism- looks at the whole human experience

113
Q

Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the biological approach support?

A

Nomothetic- creates laws on the place of Broca’s and werickes area

114
Q

Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the behaviours it approach support?

A

Nomothetic- creates general laws from animal studies

115
Q

Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the social learning theory support?

A

Nomothetic- creates general behaviour laws, through vicarious reinforcement

116
Q

Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the cognitive approach support?

A

Both- develops memory laws, and uses case studies (HM)

117
Q

Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the psychodynamic approach support?

A

Both- idio= little Hans, uses Oedipus/Electra complex = nomo

118
Q

Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the humanistic approach support?

A

Idiographic- based on subjective human experience

119
Q

Comparing approaches- S-
Is the biological approach scientific?

A

Yes- uses brain scanning methods

120
Q

Comparing approaches- S-
Is the behaviourist approach scientific?

A

Yes- uses animal studies

121
Q

Comparing approaches- S-
Id the social learning theory scientific?

A

Yes (mostly)- uses studies, direct and indirect observations

122
Q

Comparing approaches- S-
Is the cognitive approach scientific?

A

Yes (mostly)- cannot directly observe cognitive functions

123
Q

Comparing approaches- S-
Is the psychodynamic approach scientific?

A

No- theories cannot be scientifically backed up

124
Q

Comparing approaches- S-
Is the humanistic approach scientific?

A

No- rejects empirical testing methods

125
Q

Ethical implications-
What is an ethical implication?

A

The impact of the research on other people as well as your pps

126
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What are all the ethical implications on research?

A
  • research question
  • dealing with pps
  • the way findings are used
  • the institutional context
  • interpretation and application of findings
127
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
Who suggested the way questions are phrased may indicate the way findings are interpreted?

A

Sieber and Stanley 1988

128
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
Who stated there was a heterosexual bias in relationship research?

A

Kitzinger and coyle 1995

129
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What issues arise when ‘dealing with pps’?

A

Informed consent, confidentiality, and psychological harm

130
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What is the issue with ‘the way findings are used’?

A

May be seen as giving scientific credit to existing prejudices

131
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What is the institutional context?

A

Researchers considering who is funding the data, and how the data will be used by them afterwards

132
Q

Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What is an example of ‘interpretation and application of findings’?

A

Hadow report (1926)- led to the creation of the 11+

133
Q

Ethical implications- examples of socially sensitive research-
which research links to the way findings are used?

A
  • Romanian orphans
    The fact that they had low IQs was published, which may decrease employability in the future
134
Q

Ethical implications- examples of socially sensitive research-
Which research links to the research question?

A
  • role of the father
    The question was never answered
135
Q

Ethical implications- examples of socially sensitive research-
Which research is an example of dealing with pps?

A
  • zimbardo
    Pps had to seek further support outside of the study, and pps were deceived

Psychology: Paper 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions