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Psychology A2 > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Griffit and Guay (1969)

A

PP’s were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter and then asked to rate how much hey liked the experimenter. This rating was highest when the experimenter positively evaluated the PP’s performance on the task

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2
Q

Cate et al (1982)

A

PP’s asked to assess their current relationship in terms of reward level and satisfaction. It was found that reward level was superior to all other factors determining satisfaction

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3
Q

Hays (1985)

A

Found that we gain satisfaction from giving as well as receiving

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4
Q

Aron et al (2005)

A

Physiological support - Found that PP’s who measured high on self report qnnaire on romantic love also showed strong activity on particular areas of the brain. Early stage, intense romantic love was associated with elevated levels of activity in reward regions of the brain.

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5
Q

Lott (1994)

A

Cultural and gender bias - Found that in many cultures omen are more focused on the needs of others rather than receiving reinforcements from those they have romantic relationships with

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6
Q

Caspi and Herbener (1990)

A

Research conducted on real-life couples supports claims that have been previously demonstrated in lab studies which traditionally tested the model

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7
Q

Rosenbaum (1986)

A

Suggested dissimilarity is a more important factor in determining whether a relationship will form - Dissimilarity-repulsion hypothesis - tested in several cultures –> good ecological validity and culturally applicable

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8
Q

Rosenbaum (1986) - Findings

A

Found that PP’s were first attracted to eachother because of similarity of attitudes but as they got to know each other, those who discovered more dissimilarities than similarities became less attracted towards each other - model needs refining

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9
Q

Yoshida (1972)

A

Highlighted that the similarity model only takes into account personality and attitude - Other factors such as similarity of self-concept, economic level and physical condition are also important

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10
Q

Rusbult and Martz (1995)

A

They argue that when investments are high and alternatives are low this could still be argued as a profit situation –> can explain why women and men stay in abusive relationships

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11
Q

Simpson et al (1990)

A

Asked PP’s to rate members of the opposite sex in terms of their attractiveness. Those already in relationships gave lower ratings, suggesting that in order to deal with the potential alternatives they simple reduced threats

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12
Q

Social exchange theory - Cultural bias

A

The theory only looks at the idea that people are motivated to maintain relationships out of hedonistic reasons - only if we are encouraged to be independent - what about collectivist cultures

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13
Q

Demaris (2007)

A

Investigated whether marital equity is related to later marital disruption - greater under benefit increased the risk of divorce, especially women

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14
Q

Argyle (1998)

A

Gender bias - Women want equity more than men - over benefitted women were much less satisfied than those in equal relationships - Overbenefitted men almost as satisfied as those in equal relationships

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15
Q

Ragsdale and Brabdeau-Brown (2007)

A

Claim that equity theory is an insufficient theory to explain marital maintenance

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16
Q

Clark and Mills (1979)

A

Disagreed that all relationship are based on economics. There is a difference between exchange and communal relationships, which are more governed by the desire to respond to the needs of the partner

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17
Q

Boekhout et al (1999)

A

Demonstrated how marital affairs might be a direct reaction to a perceived lack of stimulation or skills

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18
Q

Boekhout et al (1999) - Findings

A

Undergraduates were asked to rate various sexual and emotional reasons for men and women to be unfaithful in a committed relationship. PP’s that men would most likely use sexual reasons such as sexual excitement/boredom whereas emotional reason such as lack of attention/commitment would used by women

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19
Q

Rohlfing (1995)

A

Found that 70% of students sampled had experienced at least one long-distance romantic relationship

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20
Q

Holt and Stone (1988)

A

Found that there was little decrease in relationship satisfaction as long as lovers are able to reunite regularly

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21
Q

Brehm and Kassin (1996)

A

Women are more likely to stress unhappiness and incompatibility as reasons for dissolution whereas men are particularly upset with ‘sexual witholding’

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22
Q

Gina et al (2003)

A

Compared 50 couples (avg. relationship length = 12 years) who received CCET group reported with a control group who did not. CCET group reported higher levels of marital satisfaction than the control group

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23
Q

Tashiro and Frazier (2003)

A

Found that undergrads who had experienced a recent breakup reported that they had experienced emotional distress but also insights into themselves and a clearer idea about future partners

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24
Q

What Tashiro and Frazier support?

A

Grave-dressing and resurrection processes

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25
Q

Akert

A

There is a variation in the psychological reactions of the break-up where the person who initiated the break-up experiences less negative symptoms

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26
Q

Problems with research into relationship breakdown

A
  • -> Gender bias: Ignores differences in the way men and women cope with the breakdown of a relationships
  • -> Reductionism: Reduces breakdown to stages
  • -> Methodology: Qnnaires = investigator bias present in their interpretation
  • -> Ethical issues: Can be a sensitive area and raises the issue of vulnerability, privacy and confidentiality
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27
Q

Perilloux and Buss (2008) - Method

A
  • -> 98 male and 101 females from US uni’s who had all experienced break-ups
  • -> All were heterosexual
  • -> 80% had experienced breakup as a rejector and 71% as a rejectee
  • -> PP’s did either an online qnnaire or a qnnaire in a psychology office
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28
Q

Perilloux and Buss (2008) - Findings

A

1) Females reported higher levels of cost associated with losing their partners emotional commitment
2) Males reported success at preventing a breakup by increasing their ;even of commitment
3) Male rejectors reported in engaging in sex with other potential mates prior to the breakup
4) Rejectors indicated a higher cost of being seen as cruel and heartless compared to rejectees

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29
Q

Perilloux and Buss (2008) - Conclusions

A

1) Men and women experience a wide-range of costs
2) Men an women employ many diverse strategies to deal with theses costs
3) Strategies were specific the costs experienced

30
Q

Perilloux and Buss (2008) - Evaluation

A

1) Generalisability - only students - less experience of breakups plus consequences of breakups could differ with age
2) Social desirability ias - use of qnnaires

31
Q

Penton-Voak et al (1999)

A

Female mate choices varies across menstrual cycle. Women choose a feminised version of male faces as ‘most attractive’ for LT relationships - kindness and cooperation. High conception phase - masculine face for ST relationship

32
Q

What does the Penton-Voak et al (1999) study suggest?

A

Theory doesn’t take into account other influences such as menstrual cycle and it also suggest that women DO want ST relationships

33
Q

Kenrick et al (1996)

A

Found that teenage males are most attracted to women 5 years older than them even if the females aren’t interested - Males want women at their prime fertility

34
Q

Clark and Hatfield (1989)

A

male and female college students approached and asked: Would you go on a date with me?
Back to my apartment with me?
Would you have sex with me?

35
Q

Clark and Hatfield (1989) - What did the men say?

A

Date? –> 50%
Apartment? –> 69%
Sex? –> 75%

36
Q

Clark and Hatfield (1989) - What did the women say?

A

Date? –> 50%
Apartment? –> 6%
Sex? –> 0%

37
Q

Clark and Hatfield (1989) - What does it suggest?

A

Support the idea that men seek ST term dating whereas women look for LT dating to check resources and provisions

38
Q

Greiling and Buss (2000)

A

A women can profit from ST dating as a way of getting away from a poor quality relationships. Allow her to produce genetically more diverse offspring - ST term dating can be beneficial for a women

39
Q

ST dating - Evaluation

A

Theory doesn’t take into account a women use of contraception - means they are able to participate in ST mating without the consequences of having a child

40
Q

Extra-marital affairs

A

The expense if child-rearing means that females want to ensure good quality genes. One way achieve this is to marry a man with lots of resources but then shop around for genes in extra-marital affairs

41
Q

Baker and Bellis (1990)

A

Estimated that as many as 14% of the population were products of extra-marital affairs

42
Q

Benefits and risks of cuckoldry

A

Some women try to reduce their greater parental investment by cuckolding their partners. The benefits could include receiving additional social support from another male partner and perhaps higher quality genes for their children. However, the risks include the possibility of abandonment and the use of mate retention strategies by the current partner

43
Q

Dunbar (1995)

A

In any situation where males can increase the success of child rearing, it will cost them to do so. Therefore, may restrict their reproductive opportunities and invest more into individual offspring.

44
Q

Reid (1997)

A

Support the claim that human makes do contribute to parenting by providing resources, which creates a healthier, more stable environment, reducing child mortality

45
Q

Anderson (1999)

A

Measured the resources invested by fathers and step fathers. Men appeared not to discriminate between their stepchildren and their biological children

46
Q

Buss et al (1992)

A

Found that male US students indicated more concern about sexual infidelity, whereas female students showed more concern about emotional infidelity.

47
Q

Parental investment: Insights from non-human species

A

Males in monkey species showed little to no parental investment - suggests that the emergence if male parenting in humans presents evolutionary change to the contribution of cultural learning.

48
Q

Springer et al (2007)

A

Individuals who have experienced physical abuse in childhood are subsequently more likely to report increased rates of depression, anger and anxiety

49
Q

Alpert et al (1998)

A

Individuals who have experienced both forms of abuse in childhood develop a damaged ability to trust people and a sense of isolation form others

50
Q

Fraley (1998)

A

Conducted a meta-analysis of studies and found correlations if 0.10 to 0.5 between early attachment type and later relationships. Fraley suggested that one reason for low correlations may be because insecure-anxious attachment is more unstable

51
Q

Kirchpatrick and Hazan (1994)

A

Found that relationship break-ups were associated with a shift from secure to insecure attachment

52
Q

Berenson and Anderson (2006)

A

support the claim that abused children have a difficult time developing adult relationships. Adult women who had been abused in childhood later displayed negative reactions towards another person, but only towards those who reminded them of their abusive parent

53
Q

Qualter and Munn (2005)

A

Have shown that children also learn form they experience with the children

54
Q

Nangle et al (2003)

A

Claim that children’s friendships are training grounds for important adult relationships

55
Q

Richard and Schnider (2005)

A

Girls have more intimate friendships than boys and are are more likely to report care and security in their relationships with other girls

56
Q

Erwin (1993)

A

Found that boy’s relationships tend to be competitive, due to a greater emphasis on competitive play activities. In contrast, girls are more likely to engage in cooperative and sharing activities

57
Q

Whats wrong with Erwin’s (1993) study?

A

However, the sex difference in the experience of childhood relationships have been over-emphasised and that many similarities tend be overlooked

58
Q

Madsen (2001)

A

Tested the effects of dating behaviour in adolescence. Found that moderate or low dating frequency predicted higher quality sound adult relationships. Whereas, heavy dating predicted poorer quality young adult relationships

59
Q

Haynie (2003)

A

Found that romantic involvement increased some forms of deviance in adolscents by as much as 35%

60
Q

Neeman et al (1995)

A

Found that romantic involvement in early to middle adolescence was associated with decreases in academic achievement and increases in conduct problems

61
Q

Roisman et al (2004)

A

They found no effect of romantic experiences at age 20 on romantic relationships at age 30, suggesting that there is no consistent evidence that adolescent romantic relationships are the ‘building blocks’ of adult relationships

62
Q

Simpson et al (2007) - Method

A
  • -> Longitudinal study spanning 25 yrs
  • -> 78 PP’s were studied at infancy, early childhood, adolescence and adulthood
  • -> Caregivers reported on their children progress at 1yr old
  • -> 6-8yr old - children teachers were asked to rate how well they interacted with their peers
  • -> 16yrs old - PP’s were asked to describe their close friendships
  • -> As found adults, PP’s romantic partners were asked to describe their relationship experience
63
Q

Simpson et al (2007) - Findings

A

Finding support the claim that expression of emotions in adult romantic relationships can be related back to a person’s attachment experiences during earlier social development

64
Q

Influence of early childhood - Insights from non-human species

A

–> Experiments involving social deprivation are not possible with human children because of the ethical issues involved

65
Q

Suomi and Harlow (1978)

A

Established that monkeys reared with adequate adult but inadequate peer contact, later displayed inappropriate social and sexual behaviours as an adult

66
Q

IDA - Influence of early childhood

A

Some research suggest that very early experience have a fixed effect on later adult relationship, however, plenty of PP’s experience happy adult relationships, despite not being securely attached - deterministic

67
Q

Levine at al (1995) - Method

A
  • -> Investigated love as basis for marriage
  • -> Respondents asked whether they would marry someone who had all the qualities they desired in a marriage partner but whom they did not love
68
Q

Levine at al (1995) - Findings

A
  • -> US respondents expressed a reluctance to marry in the absence of love
  • -> India - 24% of PP’s were prepared to marry in the absence of love
  • -> Thailand - 34% of PP’s prepared to marry in the absence of love
69
Q

Epstein (2002)

A

In some societies, non-voluntary or arranged marriages make sense because divorce rates are low and about 50% report they have fallen in love with each other

70
Q

Meyers et al (2005)

A

Studied individuals in India and the US and found no difference in marital satisfaction

71
Q

Individual v groups based relationships

A

Parents may be in a better position to judge compatibility in the LT whereas young people may be ‘blinded by love’

72
Q

Cultural influence - Methodological problems

A

Research into cultural differences in relationships may be limited by the research method adopted. Part of the search may be interpreted differently in one culture compared to another.

Psychology A2 (5 decks)

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