Media

Question 1

Rosenkoetter (1999)

Answer 1

Suggested that with parental mediation, children as young as 7 are able to understand even complex moral messages contained in adult sitcoms

Question 2

Sprafkin et al (1975)

Answer 2

Showed that found children who watched an episode of Lassie where a child rescued a dog were more likely to help puppies in distress than children who watched a neutral programme

Question 3

Lovelace and Huston (1983)

Answer 3

Suggested that prosocial effects can be achieved by setting prosocial goals against antisocial ones in the same programme. However, the mixing of prosocial and antisocial messages reduces the effectiveness of the prosocial message

Question 4

Mares (1996)

Answer 4

Found that the weakest effect was for adolescents and the strongest effect was for primary school children

Question 5

Josephson (1987)

Answer 5

Hockey players were deliberately frustrated and then shown a violent or non-violent film with an actor who ha d a walkie-talkie. In subsequent hockey games, the boys behaved most aggressively if they had seen the violent film and the referee was holding a walkie-talkie

Question 6

Cumberbatch (2001)

Answer 6

Argues that people might get ‘used’ to screen violence but this does not mean a person will also get used to violence in the real world

Question 7

Gonzales et al (2011)

Answer 7

Argue that FB walls can have a positive influence on our self esteem because feedback posted on them by others tends to be overwhelmingly positive

Question 8

Karpinski (2009)

Answer 8

Found that the majority of students who use FB everyday underachieved by as much as an entire grade compared with those who did not use the site

Question 9

Muise et al (2009)

Answer 9

308 undergrads completed an online survey that assessed personality factors and FB use. It revealed that increased FB use significantly increases Fb-related jealousy

Question 10

Sagiolou and Tobia (2014)

Answer 10

1 group of PP’s spent 20 mins on FB whilst a 2nd group spent 20mins on the internet bit not on social media sites. Afterwards they were asked how meaningful their time had been spent. People felt worse after using FB because they felt they weren’t using their time meaningfully

Question 11

Charles (2011)

Answer 11

Used a focus group and interview techniques to investigate the FB habits of 200 undergraduates in Scotland. Found that 12% were experiencing anxiety linked to their use of social networking sites

Question 12

Anderson and Dill (2000)

Answer 12

PP’s rated themselves higher on the state hostility scale after playing a violent video game compared to those who played a non-violent game

Question 13

Anderson et al (2007)

Answer 13

Surveyed 430 children aged between 7 and 9 at 2 points during the school year. Children who had high exposure to violent video games became more verbally and physically aggressive and less prosocial

Question 14

Greitemeyer and Osswald (2010)

Answer 14

Demonstrated that pp’s who played prosocial video games subsequently displayed significantly more prosocial behaviour then those who played aggressive or neutral games. After playing the respective video games more 8 mins, pp’s saw the researcher ‘accidentally’ knocked a cup of pencils to the floor. 67% of those who played the prosocial game picked up the pencils compared to 28% who played the aggressive video games

Question 15

Lenhart et al (2008)

Answer 15

Carried out a large scale US survey to investigate the influence of multiplayer game play in social commitment. They found that 64% of those who played multiplayer games were committed to civic participation compared to 59% of solo players

Question 16

Schiappa et al (2007)

Answer 16

Their meta-analysis found that loneliness was not a predictor of the formation of parasocial relationships. Some research suggest that people who are more socially active and socially motivated are more likely to engage in parasitical relationships

Question 17

Perse and Rubin

Answer 17

They did a study with soap opera characters and found that due to the fact the people were exposed to the same characters over and over again one benefit of parasitical interaction was a perceived reduction in uncertainty about social relationships

Question 18

Maltby et al (2003)

Answer 18

Used the Esynck personality qnnaire to assess the relationship between level of celebrity worship and personality. They found that the entertainment-social level was associated with extraversion whereas the intense-personal was associated with neuroticism

Question 19

Shiraishi et al (2006)

Answer 19

They discovered that the enzyme MAOA correlated with novelty-seeking tendencies and the genetic differences mean that people produce different variations of the enzyme. The researchers found that one form of this enzyme was significantly associated with higher scores of novelty seeking

Question 20

De Backer (2007)

Answer 20

Surveyed over 800 participants to test evolutionary explanations for celebrity gossip. PP’s reported that gossip was seen as a useful way of acquiring information about social group members . Media exposure was also found to be a strong predictor of interest in celebrities. They concluded that celebrities were actually a part of the social network

Question 21

Maltby et al (2004)

Answer 21

Found that in a sample of 372 people aged 18-47 15% were entertainment-social level of celebrity worship, 5% at the intense-personal level and less than 2% would be considered borderline pathological

Question 22

Cheung and Yue (2003) - Negatives

Answer 22

Did a telephone survey of 833 Chinese teenagers and found that idol worship was associated with lower levels of work/study or self-esteem

Question 23

Cheung and Yue (2003) - Positive

Answer 23

Found that teenagers who ‘worshipped’ key family members, teachers or other individuals with who they had regular contact, tended to demonstrate higher levels of self-esteem and educational achievements than those who television stars. This is understandable given that the admiration of those who are able to provide tangible benefits and inputs to the adolescents lives would be more likely to provide a greater impact than those celebrities with whom they enjoy only a parasitical relationship

Question 24

Phillips (1974)

Answer 24

Found that high profile celebrity suicides are often followed by increased numbers of suicides among the general population

Question 25

Maltby et al (2006)

Answer 25

Claim that the tendency to engage in stalking behaviour may actually be indicative of an underlying psychopathology. They found that scores on a measure of OCD correlated significantly with measures of intense-personal and borderline pathological levels.