Gender

Question 1

Case study of David Reimer

Answer 1

• Born a boy but raised as a girl due to a circumcision that went wrong
• Reached puberty, became depressed and was told about what happened
• Reverted back to male

Question 2

Dessens et al

Answer 2

Studies 250 genetic females who prenatally exposed to high levels of androgens, but raised as females. 95% were content with their female gender whilst the rest experienced gender dysphoria

Question 3

Deady et al

Answer 3

Found that in biological females, high levels of salivary testosterone were linked with low scores on measures of maternal personality

Question 4

Quadagno et al (1977)

Answer 4

Found that female monkey’s who were deliberately exposed to testosterone during prenatal development later engaged in more rough and tumble play

Question 5

Cohen (2005)

Answer 5

Proposed that gender differences may be the result of selection pressures for males who develop better hunting strategies and females who are focused on child rearing

Question 6

Taylor et al (2000)

Answer 6

Proposed that gender differences proposed by Cohen may stem from the different challenges faced by men and women - Ancestral males would deal with threats by getting ready to fight or flee. Whereas the adaptive response for females would be to protect themselves and their young which leads to a female tendency to ‘tend and befriend’ at times of stress

Question 7

Buss

Answer 7

Explored what males and females look for in a marriage partner in 37 different cultures. The results supported predictions of the evolutionary theory as women wanted good financial prospects whereas men wanted physical attractiveness, which research has confirmed to be linked with health and fertility

Question 8

Baron-Cohen (2004)

Answer 8

Proposed that autism may be an example of the extreme male brain which excels at systematising and lacks the ability to empathise

Question 9

Waynforth and Dunbar (1995)

Answer 9

Used personal ads to assess what men and women were seeking and advertising. 44% of males sought a physically attractive partner compared with 22% of the women. 50% of women offered attractiveness whereas 34% of males did.

Question 10

Ennis et al (2001)

Answer 10

Levels of cortisol were taken a week before an exam and immediately before an exam. There was a significant increase in cortisol levels in males but a significant decrease in females

Question 11

Coates et al (1991)

Answer 11

Produced a case study of a boy who developed GID, proposing that this was a defensive reaction to the boys mothers depression following an abortion

Question 12

Cole et al (1997)

Answer 12

Studied 435 individuals experiencing gender dysphoria and reported that the range of psychiatric conditions was not greater that that found in the ‘normal’ population

Question 13

Zucker et al (1996)

Answer 13

Studied 115 boys with concerns about their gender identity and their relationship with their mothers, of the boys diagnosed with GID, 64% were also diagnosed with separation anxiety

Question 14

Stoller et al (1975)

Answer 14

proposed that GID results from distorted prenatal attitudes. In clinical individuals diagnosed with GID, Stoller observed that they displayed overly close mother-son relationships

Question 15

Dessens et al (2005)

Answer 15

Studied 250 genetic females with CAH who were raised as females. Despite prenatal exposure to male hormones, 95% were happy with their female gender role

Question 16

Zhou et al (1995)

Answer 16

Found that the number of neutrons in the BSTc of MtF transsexuals was similar to that of females. Also the number of neutrons in a FtM transsexual was found to be in the male range

Question 17

Hulshoff Pol et al (2006)

Answer 17

Found that transgender hormone therapy does influence the size of the BSTc and the individuals in many studies and been receiving hormones

Question 18

Thompson (1975)

Answer 18

Found that 2 year olds were 76% correct in identifying their sex, whereas 3 year olds were 90% correct

Question 19

Slaby and Frey (1975) - gender stability

Answer 19

They asked young children questions such as ‘were you a little boy or a little girl when you were a baby?’ Th answers given by children showed that they did not recognise that gender was stable over time until they were 3/4 years old

Question 20

Slaby and Frey (1975) - Gender constancy

Answer 20

Did find that gender consistency appeared a young as 5, that Kholberg had suggested

Question 21

Slaby and Frey (1975) - Gender differences

Answer 21

Found that boys tended to exhibit gender constancy before girls

Question 22

Langlois and Downs (1980)

Answer 22

Boys are more likely to be punished for gender inappropriate behaviour than girls and therefore learn appropriate gender behaviour more rapidly

Question 23

Martin and Little (1990)

Answer 23

Found that children under the age of 4 showed no signs of gender stability let alone gender constancy but did display gender stereotypes

Question 24

Martin and Halverson (1983)

Answer 24

Found that when children were asked to recall pictures of people, children under 6 recalled more the gender consistent ones than the gender inconsistent ones

Question 25

Hoffman (1998)

Answer 25

Reports that children whose mothers work have less stereotyped views of what men do

Question 26

Bradbard et al (1986)

Answer 26

Told 4-9 years olds that certain gender neutral items were wither male or female items. PP’s took greater interest in the toys labelled as in-group and one week late they were able to remember more details about the in-group objects

Question 27

Hodges et al (1981)

Answer 27

Men are more likely to be shown exercising control over events, whereas women are frequently shown to be more at the mercy of others. people with higher exposure to this tend to display more stereotypic gender role conceptions

Question 28

Charlton et al (2000)

Answer 28

Looked at the effects of TV on a community previously without and found no changes in the behaviour

Question 29

Tannis Williams (1985)

Answer 29

Studied the children in 3 different towns in Canada. Notel had no TV signal, Unitel only had access to one Canadian TV channel and multitel had access to a number of different American channels. Found that children in Notel and Unitel had weaker sex typed views than multitel

Question 30

Pingree (1978)

Answer 30

Found that stereotyping was reduced when children were shown commercials with women in non-traditional roles

Question 31

Fagot et al (1992)

Answer 31

Found that parents who show the clearest pattern of differential reinforcement have children who are quickest to develop strong gender differences

Question 32

Perry and Bussey (1979)

Answer 32

When picking gender neutral items, boys picked the items that other boys picked and girls picked what other girls picked

Question 33

Maccoby (1998)

Answer 33

Takes the view that peers are the prime socialising agency of gender development

Question 34

Lamb Roopnarine (1979)

Answer 34

Observed pre-school children at play and found that when male type behaviour was reinforced in girls the behaviour continued for a shorter time than when male type behaviour was reinforced in boys

Question 35

Mead (1935)

Answer 35

Conducted a study of social groups in Papua New Guinea. In the Arapesh tribe men and women were both gentle, responsive and cooperative
In the Mundugumer tribe, men and women were more violent and aggressive both seeking power
In the Tchambuli tribe there were gender role difference, the women were dominant whereas the men were more emotionally dependent

Question 36

Freeman (1984)

Answer 36

Worked with native Samoans and was told they had provided Mead with the information she had wanted to hear

Question 37

Williams and Best (1990)

Answer 37

Provided evidence of cultural similarities in gender stereotypes , 2,800 students in 30 different countries using a 300 item adjective checklist. There was a broad consensus across countries, men were seen as more dominant and aggressive whereas women were more nurturant and interested in affiliation

Question 38

Sugihara and Katsurada (2002)

Answer 38

Found that Japanese men do not seek to be ;macho’ like Americans

Question 39

Schlegal and Barry (1986)

Answer 39

In societies where women contribute a lot to food accumulation, women are highly valued. This allows them more freedom and they are generally regarded less as objects for male sexual needs