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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What do women look for most in men? (Matching Hypothesis)

A
  • Square jaw
  • small eyes
  • thin lips
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2
Q

Describe the Halo Effect

A

Research shows people perceived attractive also thought to be more sociable, interesting exciting and sexually warm

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3
Q

What did Walster find in reference to the Matching hypothesis?

A
  • We’re attracted to people with similar levels of attractiveness as us
  • also likely to like those who match us in other ways e.g. IQ
  • prestige and low self esteem also play a part
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4
Q

What did Murstein find in reference to the Matching hypothesis?

A

99 engaged couples and randomers
Independent raters rated attractiveness of each individual
Couples rated their own AND partners attractiveness
Couples got similar ratings (similar market value), randomers got less similar ratings

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5
Q

What did Silverman find in reference to the Matching hypothesis?

A

Observation study in naturalistic dating settings
Observed couples 18-22
Raters scored attractiveness of opposite sex
Extremely high degree of similarly within couples

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6
Q

Evaluation of the matching hypothesis

A
  • Reductionist = doesn’t account for role of 3rd parties/friends and family/attitude/body language
  • Silverman’s research = experimenter bias (saw couples TOGETHER)
  • culturally specific = arranged marriages families pick suitor on benefits/opportunities
  • Silverman’s research is ecologically valid as its a natural experiment preventing demand characteristics
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7
Q

Outline social exchange theory

A

Minimise cost and maximise reward

  1. Comparison level - compare to previous relationships
  2. comparison level of alternatives - compare to alternatives we could have
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8
Q

Evaluate SET

A
  • Mechanist approach - what’s a cost/reward?
  • heterosexual bias
  • culture - e.g arranged marriages
  • Helps explain abusive relationships
  • doesn’t explain why some leave rewarding relationships
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9
Q

Outline Equity Theory

A

People want fairness (give as much as you get) if not = dissatisfaction
A relationship is maintained if the loser feels there’s a chance of restoring fairness

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10
Q

Evaluate Equity Theory

A
  • Culture= equity not the norm for all
  • Realistic? = not based on economics!
  • Social Context = economic theories don’t account for religion/health/upbringing
  • Gender differences = Dwyer: Lesbians value equity more (women)
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11
Q

What are the 6 stages of Rollie and Ducks breakdown theory?

A
  1. Dissatisfaction
  2. Intra-psychic
  3. Dyadic
  4. Social
  5. Grave-dressing
  6. Resurrection
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12
Q

EXPLAIN Rollie and Duck

A
  1. One partner dissatisfied
  2. Intra-psychic = increased dissatisfaction
  3. Dyadic = discussion
  4. Social = talk to friends/family and discuss the social implications
  5. Grave dressing = try to make themselves look good
  6. What have I learned?
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13
Q

Evaluate Rollie and Duck

A
  • Looks at AFTER
  • Indiv diff = rigid and assumes all go through same stages
  • Could use to create intervention
  • Doesn’t explain WHY relationships breakdown
  • Tashiro and Frazier - undergrads reported distress and personal growth (resurrection)
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14
Q

What are the 5 steps of Lees model?

A
  1. Dissatisfaction
  2. Exposure (brought into open)
  3. Negotiation (discuss)
  4. Resolution (try to find solutions)
  5. Termination (break up)

Denying Everything Never Resolves Troubles

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15
Q

Evaluate Lee’s model

A
  • only relates to pre-marital
  • doesn’t explain WHY
  • Individual differences
  • can’t explain abusive relationships
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16
Q

What do men find attractive about women? (Matching Hypothesis)

A

Childlike features:

  • large and wide set eyes
  • small nose
  • wide cheekbones
  • narrow cheeks
  • a small chin
17
Q

What do women like about men (the matching hypothesis)?

A
  • Strong jaw
  • small eyes
  • thin lips
18
Q

What did Buss find about Human Mating preferences?

A

He found that females look for financial security (resources= increased reproductive success), tall/strong/healthy (would’ve been a better hunter), an older man (greater resources) and symmetry (good genes)

Males look for younger (more fertile), symmetry (good genes), good waist to hip ratio (improved chance of childbearing), small waist (not preggers)

19
Q

How many cultures did Buss investigate?

A

37!

20
Q

Who looked at human mating preferences of people from 37 cultures?

A

Buss

21
Q

Why does Buss’ study lack validity?

A

Preference rather than reflection of real life - you don’t necessarily get what you want!!

22
Q

Evaluate Buss

A
  • low validity
  • Buss studied ACTUAL MARRIAGES and his findings supported these
  • sampling - all the same kinds of people!
23
Q

Research into short term mating preferences?

A

-Clark and Hatfield-
Attractive experimenters asked strangers on uni campus: 1. Date? 2. Come back to my apartment? 3. Sex?
-Buss and Schmitt-
Males show decreased in attraction after sex

24
Q

What were the results of Clark and Hatfield’s research ?

A

0% of females agreed to sex compared to 75% of males

25
Q

Outline studies into personal ads

A

-Dunbar & Waynford:
42% males sought youth compared to 25% of females
44% of males looked for attractiveness compared to 22% of females

-Davis:
Women tend to advertise attractiveness and men advertised economic status more

26
Q

Evaluate Clark and Hatfield

A
  • Ethical issues
  • Good reliability as been repeated with same results
  • Buss and Schmitt also found lesbians dislike casual sex (built into women)
27
Q

What did Simpson et al do?

A
  • Conducted a 25+ year study on nearly 80 participants.
  • After 1 yr parents reported attachment behaviour.
  • 6-8 teachers reported peer interaction
  • 16yo asked ps about close friendships
  • adulthood asked lovers about experience.
  • Secure infants = higher social competence, closer to friends, more expressive/emotionally attached
28
Q

Childhood influences evaluative research

A
  • Simpson et al
  • Hamilton = can change attachment type depending on life events
  • Draper and Harpending - effects due to Evo factors (kids learn don’t need long term)
  • Ellis et al = longit in USA and NZ found higher promiscuity, teen pregnancy, got period earlier (backed up by 15 more studies)

Psychology (5 decks)

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