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Pysch Paper 3 > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

sexual selection

A

an evolutionary explanation of partner preference

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2
Q

sexual dimorphosim

A

explains the differences in men and women , males are 12-15% larger

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3
Q

anisogomy

A

difference in male and female sex cells
sperm - small, mobile , lots
egg - limited, large, static

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4
Q

intrasexual selection

A

males competeing with other males for a female

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5
Q

intersexual selection in females

A

females are quality over quantity

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6
Q

Fishers sexy sons hypothesis

A

the reason women chose men with good characteristics as her son will inherit these traits

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7
Q

size matters

A

bigger males have an advantage and are more likely to mate.

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8
Q

anisogomy dictates

A

men mate with as many fertile females as possible

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9
Q

A03 reason females more picky

A

limited to 300 eggs a lifetime whereas men produce 40-60million sperm in one ejaculation so choice is more costly for women

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10
Q

Buss A03 of mating preferneces

A

looked at 10,000 adults in 33 countries and found that women want resources and men want reproductive capacity

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11
Q

Clark and Hatfield Uni Campus Proc

A

approached opposite sex on a uni campus and asked 3 questions
1- would you go out with me tonight
2- would you come over tonight
3- would you have sex with me tonight

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12
Q

Clark and Hatfield Uni Campus Results

A

Q1 - 50% female 50% Male
Q2- 6% female 69% male
3- 0% female 75% male
shows men are less picky

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13
Q

A03 - Sexual selection evolution - Bereckzi

A

women have more freedom and no longer dependent on men

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14
Q

A03 - Sexual selection - Chang

A

studied partners in China over 25 years and found some preferences changed

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15
Q

A03 Sexual selection studies shows

A

mate preferences are an outcome of both evolutionary and cultural influences

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16
Q

self disclosure

A

revealing personal info about yourself

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17
Q

greater disclosure results in

A

greater feelings of intimacy

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18
Q

social penetration theory - self disclosure

A

gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone, romantic relationships should equally disclose as it displays trust

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19
Q

Breadth and depth in self disclosure

A

superficial things revealed first followed by more intimate things

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20
Q

Sprecher and Hendrick - support self disclosure

A

found a strong correlation between satisfaction and self disclosure in relationships

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21
Q

Laureneceup et al - support self disclosure

A

self disclosure was linked to higher levels of imtimacy in relationships

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22
Q

Self disclosure real life applications

A

can help people who want to improve communication

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23
Q

cultural differences in self disclosure - Tang et al

A

USA couples disclose more than Chinese couples

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24
Q

Shackleford and Larson - Physical attractiveness

A

people with symmetrical features are more attractive as have an honest set of genetics
people are more attracted to baby faces as they trigger protection instinct

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25
Q

The halo effect - physical attractiveness

A

attractive people are rated as kind as there is a belief that good looking people have traits that make them more attractive

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26
Q

Walster et al- physical attractiveness expectations

A

more socially desirable a person is , the more desirable they expect their partner to be.
We date people who we think are similar attractiveness to them

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27
Q

2 factors that Walster et al argue influence looking for a partner

A

desirability of potential match
probability of a person saying yes

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28
Q

Research support for Halo effect - Palmer and Peterson

A

attractive people were rated higher as being politically knowledgeable and competent

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29
Q

A03 - Individual differences in physical attractiveness

A

not everyone places importance on physical attractiveness

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30
Q

Filter theory- Kerchoff davies

A

there are a number of filters that are promenant during stages of partner selection

31
Q

1st filter - proximity filter

A

most people we meet live in a close proximity to us

32
Q

2nd filter - social variables

A

most people we come into contact with tend to be of a similar class , ethnicity and background

33
Q

3rd filter - complementarity

A

the chances of a short term relationship becoming more long term means having traits your partner lacks

34
Q

Research support filter theory - Winch

A

similarity of personality, interests and attitudes are typical in early stages

35
Q

Research against filter theory- Levinger

A

said many studies failed to replicate findings that pointed to a filter theory

36
Q

Research against filter theory - Anderson - emotional convergence

A

couples aren’t originally similar but instead become similar overtime

37
Q

Filter Theory A03 - Validity

A

dating apps reduced importance of social demography so theory lacks temporal validity

38
Q

social exchange theory - economic theory

A

we form relationships if its mutually benefitting and the outcome is profitable

39
Q

social exchange theory - Thiabut and Kelley

A

people try to maximise rewards and minimise costs - minmax principle

40
Q

social exchange theory - comparison levels

A

based on memories and experiences with previous partner if a new one exceeds these then a relationship is formed

41
Q

social exchange theory - stages -sampling

A

partners consider the possible costs and benefits in the new relationship, and compare it to other relationships available.

42
Q

social exchange theory - stages-bargaining

A

partners exchange costs and benefits, they negotiate and identify what is the most profitable.

43
Q

social exhange theory - stages-institutionalization

A

partners have established norms in terms of costs and benefits. They now settle down.

44
Q

social exchange theory -stages - commitments

A

the relationship is stable and maintained by predictable exchange of rewards.

45
Q

social exchange theory A03 Strengths

A

based on a social and economic approach
comparison helps explain why people end a relationship for another one
explains why people stay in abusive relationships as no alternative

46
Q

social exchange theory A03 weakness

A

many of supporting studies are lab
portrays selfishness
reductionist as believes thats the only factor

47
Q

social exchange theory A03 weakness

A

many of supporting studies are lab
portrays selfishness
reductionist as believes thats the only factor

48
Q

equity theory

A

fairness is strived to be acheived in relationships

49
Q

Walster - 4 principles of equity

A

profit - maximise rewards
distribution - fairness achieved
dissatisfaction - greater unfairness, more disatitsfied
realingnment - can restore

50
Q

Mary Utne - equity

A

survey of married couples and found the more equitable relationships were more satisfactory

51
Q

Ryan - equity cultural differences

A

collectivist cultures are more satisfied with over benefitting
individualistic cultures - most satified with equity

52
Q

Benolevants and Entitleds - Individual differnces of equity

A

benovelnats will give more than they get
entitleds beleive they deserve to overbenefit

53
Q

Rustbelt investment model
maintained , strengthened , weakened

A

relationships are maintained by commitmnet
strengthened by satisfaction and investment
weakened by alternatives

54
Q

Rustbelt investment model - Quality of alternatives

A

atttactive alternatives - leave relationship
no alternative - maintain relationship

55
Q

Rustbelt investment model - intrinsic and extrinsic investment

A

intrinsic - investment of personal info
extrinsic - investment of material things

56
Q

Rustbelt investment model A03

A

explains why people stay in abusive relationships as no attractive alternative

57
Q

Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown

A

inequitable relationships cause more dissatisfaction leading to potential breakdown

58
Q

Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown - Intraphysic phase

A

partner realises disatisfaction and focuses on it in private - pros and cons

59
Q

Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown - Dyadic phase

A

partner voices issues to partner
either renews desires or break up

60
Q

Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown - social phase

A

breakup is made public and friends pick sides

61
Q

Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown - Grave dressing phase

A

creating a story to make you feel better about breakup

62
Q

paralanguage

A

non verbal parts of communication such as volume , speed

63
Q

Reduced cue theory of virtual relationships

A

CMC relationships are less effective as they lack cues such as physical appearance and emotional state

64
Q

Hyperpersonal model of virtual relationships

A

online relationships can be more personal as disclosure happens more quickly
however can end earlier as excitement and trust aren’t matched

65
Q

Boom and Bust - Virtual relationships

A

online we have more time to think of a reply so can selectively present ourselves - boosting intimacy

66
Q

Absence of gating - virtual relationships

A

advantage of virtual relationships as they can develop more as physical attractiveness is less imprtant and personality is

67
Q

Virtual relationships Cue A03

A

online other cues can be used such as timing and emojis

68
Q

support for hyperpersonal model

A

found more disclosed online as questions are more direct whereas in person we do small talk

69
Q

parasocial relationships

A

one sides relationship where someone obsesses over someone who doesn’t know who they are

70
Q

what increases likelihood of parasocial relationships

A

viewer is lonely , female

71
Q

3 levels of parasocial relationships

A

entertainment - celeb is for gossip
intense - intensive feelings towards celeb
borderline pathalogical - uncontrollable behaviours and fantasies

72
Q

Absorption addiction model - how parasocial relationships become abnormal

A

Absorption - defecits in own sense of personality
so due to poor mental health

73
Q

attatchment and parasocial relationships

A

insecure attatchment increases chance of a parasocial relationship as they have no demand

74
Q

A03 of attachment and parasocial relationships

A

McCutchen found insecurely attached people were not more likely to form para social relationships

Pysch Paper 3 (4 decks)

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