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Pysch Paper 3 > issues and debates > Flashcards

issues and debates Flashcards

1
Q

problems with cross cultural research

A

interpretation
replicability

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2
Q

culture

A

set of norms, morals, behaviours and roles a certain group adopts

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3
Q

etic research

A

when research based on one culture is generelaised to all

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4
Q

emic research

A

research on a specific culture

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5
Q

strengths of etic research

A

some behaviours are universal
human physiology is consistent

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6
Q

weaknesses of etic research

A

biased as ignores cultural differences

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7
Q

universality

A

thinking one set of norms and behaviour can be used to explain everyone’s behaviour

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8
Q

strengths of emic research

A

avoid cultural bias as not trying to make universal laws

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9
Q

weaknesses of emic research

A

cultural bias can still occur as differences can be over emphasised
can ignore differnences within cultures

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10
Q

sub culture bias

A

ignoring sub cultures when researching into cultures

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11
Q

alpha bias

A

exaggerating the differences between men and women ( Freud)

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12
Q

beta bias

A

minimising the differences between men and women and generalising results from one gender to both ( Asch)

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13
Q

ethnocentrism

A

belief one culture is superior to another so generealsing results from them to everyone

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14
Q

androcentrism

A

belief that male behaviour is normal making womens behaviour abnormal

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15
Q

cultural relativism

A

idea there is no universal standard to behaviour

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16
Q

how to reduce cultural bias

A

representative sampling

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17
Q

free will

A

the idea that everyone is in control of their behaviour and is not determined by external factors such as genetics

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18
Q

weakness of free will

A

subjective and can’t be used to explain mental disorders

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19
Q

determinism

A

people don’t choose how to behave and is down to cause and effect

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20
Q

biological determinism

A

argument that genes determine our behaviour ( biological approach)

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21
Q

pyschic determinism

A

argument tat the unconcious controls our behaviour (pyschodynamic approach)

22
Q

environmental determinism

A

argument that processes like conditioning cause our behaviour due to learning them for survival ( behavioural approach)

23
Q

support for determinism

A

whole universe works on cause and effect
scientific theories are based on predictability ( medicine)

24
Q

argument against determinism

A

its unfalsifiable ( can’t be proved wrong)

25
Q

why cognitive approach is free will and determinism

A

as people can make their own decsions but are still influenced by others behaviour

26
Q

reductionism

A

breaks behaviour into it’s simplest forms making it deterministic and more scientific as it’s easier to test

27
Q

holism

A

looks at things as a whole, looking at the influence of multiple factors on something

28
Q

biological reductionism

A

simplifying things down to a result of genes (biological appraoch)

29
Q

machine reductionism

A

cognitive approach computer analogy is an eg of this

30
Q

environmental reductionism

A

concept that humans recieve a stimulus and act accordingly (behaviourist approach)

31
Q

two approaches that are holistic

A

pyschodynamic and humanistic

32
Q

nature

A

genetic perspective that a person is born with innate characteristics

33
Q

nurture

A

environmental perspective that behaviour is a result of their environment and experiences

34
Q

John Locke’s theory

A

people are born as a blank slate and influenced by environment

35
Q

interactionist approach

A

believes in a combination of nature and nurture

36
Q

genotype

A

gene and DNA inherited from parents

37
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristics from the gene that are expressed ( eye colour)

38
Q

eg of interactionism

A

diathesis stress model which explains some people may be genetically disproposed to a mental health condition but must be in an environment to trigger it

39
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

that a person inherits certain traits that make them seek out particular environments

40
Q

passive correlation

A

people with genes growing up in simialr environments - making it difficult to establish a cause of a behaviour

41
Q

reaction range

A

proposed by gottesman , suggets some characetristics may not reach full potential if in the wrong environment ( IQ if poorly educated)

42
Q

nomothetic

A

tries to make general laws that are applicable to a whole population

43
Q

strengths of nomothetic research

A

quantative so scientific
produce objective data

44
Q

limitations of nomothetic research

A

lacks validity
ignores individual differences

45
Q

idiographic

A

focuses on individuals in detail

46
Q

strengths of idiographic research

A

creates in depth information
provides a complete explanation

47
Q

weaknesses of idiographic research

A

difficult to generealise as often small sample size
qualitataive and subjective

48
Q

eg of good idiographic research

A

HM and KF that have established nomothetic laws about brain structure

49
Q

results of controversial research

A

creates a stigma

50
Q

benefits of socially sensitive research

A

could help the general population

51
Q

eg of socially sensitive research

A

race gender and genetics

Pysch Paper 3 (4 decks)

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