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Pysch Paper 3 > addiction > Flashcards

addiction Flashcards

1
Q

physical dependence

A

develops after using for a long time
when abstanance occurs the withdrawal symptoms are physical

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2
Q

pyschological dependence

A

when someone thinks they need a substance
when abstnance occurs withdrawal symptoms are mental

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3
Q

tolerance

A

develops from continous using
body has adjusted so homeostatis is changed and bar is raised so more substance is needed to have same effect

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4
Q

2 types of tolerance

A

behavioural - adjust behaviour to deal with effects of a substance
cross - tolerance to one drug reduces sensitivity to another

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5
Q

5 risk factors increasing addiction

A

genetics , peers , family, stress, personality

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6
Q

how genetics increase addiction

A

few D2 receptors - less dopamine - uses to compensate
fully functioning CYP2A6 Enzyme - nicotine digests quicker so is injested more frequently

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7
Q

Genetic vulnreability study - Kendler et al

A

studied adopted children some with addict parent , some without to see if they developed addiction
with - 8.6%
without- 4.2%

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8
Q

how stress increases addiction

A

may use substances as a coping mechanism
2in 10 people with PTSD have an addiction

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9
Q

2 types of stress

A

chronich - ongoing
accute - stress due to an event

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10
Q

how personality increases addiction- 3 traits

A

sensation seeking - want excitement
impulsivity - don’t think of consequences
compulsivity - don’t stop when they know they should

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11
Q

A03 Of personality causing addiction

A

addiction may have caused these traits
not having these traits is protection

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12
Q

how family with addiction increases addiction

A

SLT as parents are role models
increases availability of substances
normalises the behaviour

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13
Q

Livingston et al - family influence

A

children who are allowed to drink at home go on to drink excessivley in college

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14
Q

how peers increase addiction

A

as a child , peers have greatest influence
SLT
increases availability

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15
Q

mesembolic pathway of nicotine

A

inhaled through mouth
reaches VTA in 6-10s - binds with receptors to carry message to nucleas acumbens
at NA dopamine is released - euphoric feeling
PFC makes decision on what to do next
memory of pleasure laid in hippocampus

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16
Q

amount of dopamine released from nicotine

A

2-10x natural pleasure

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17
Q

other than dopamine , nicotine effects 3 things

A

release of glutamate - triggers more dopamine
prevents GABA- amplifies effect of dopamine
stops MAO - nicotine not broken down

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18
Q

explanation for nicotine addiction - withdrawal receptors

A

nicotine binds with acetycholine receptors on dopamine neurons making them full
they desensitize
after abstinance they function again so crave nicotine making withdrawal kick in

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19
Q

explanation for nicotine addiction - chronic desnentitsation

A

contsant cycles of desntisisation and resensitization leads to chronic densentization which means they become tolerant to nicotine

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20
Q

Research - Olds and Miller - dopamine

A

rats had an electrode connected to hypothalamus which is stimulated when dopamine released
a pedal stimulated hipothalamus so rats would press it even when they had to walk over an electric shock

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21
Q

Individual differences in reward pathway -Schiffman

A

Chippers - can smoke 5x a day and not show withdrawal during abstanace

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22
Q

application of reward pathway - Lindsay

A

found that nicotine replacement therapy was 70% more accurate than other treatments due to reward pathway

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23
Q

implications of reward pathway

A

undertsanding it reduces strain on NHS - £5 million a year on smokers

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24
Q

Pros and Cons of reward pathway explanation

A

pros - scientific, simplifies behaviour
cons - reductionist , doesn’t explain cause

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25
Q

Initiation of nicotine - SLT

A

vicarious reinforcement - see role models receive positive reward from smoking so copy

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26
Q

maintenance of smoking - OC

A

positive reinforcement - mesolimbic pathway / fitting in with peers
negative reinforcement - avoid withdrawal / avoid being odd one out

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27
Q

Relapse of smoking - CC

A

cue reactivity
cue ( lighter) becomes CS as has repeatedly paired with idea of smoking.
Makes cravings stronger as anticipation of smoking, when our body anticpates dopamine it lowers levels

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28
Q

examples of cues

A

places , people , situations, objects

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29
Q

Levin et al - OC in nicotine initiation

A

rats with two water spouts one with nicotine
frequently visted nicotine spout , positive reinforcement

30
Q

Carter and Tiffany - cue reactivity

A

showed depednent and non dependent smokers pictures of smoking related cues
dependent smokers reacted strongly to the cues

31
Q

A03 of learning theory and nicotine addiction

A

doesn’t explain why some people never get addicted
useful treatments can be used based on CC

32
Q

initiation of gambling - SLT

A

vicarious reinforcement media shows people winning, so gamble too

33
Q

initiation of maintenance of gambling - OC

A

positive reinforcement
mesolimbic pathway, financial rewards , increased status
nagative reinforcement - escape boredom, escape poverty , escape low status

34
Q

CC in gambling

A

gambling cues are paired with positive reward pathway making them a CS , creating a CR when a gambler sees them

35
Q

A03 of learning theory and gambling
addiction

A

lots of people dabble with gambling but don’t develop an addiction
cue reactivity explains relapse

36
Q

expectancy theory and gambling

A

gamblers have irrational expectations and will significantly over estimate the benefits - this disorted view causes addiction

37
Q

cognitive bias ands gambling

A

schemas are bias which leads to irrational decisions that go against good judgement

38
Q

Debra Rickwood et al - 4 categories of cognitive bias

A

Ritualistic behaviours - lucky socks
Illusion of control
Gamblers fallacy - disorted view of chance
selective recall - only remember wins

39
Q

Relapse due to low self efficacy - 4

A

performance outcomes - tried to give up and not succeded
vicarious experiences - learning from failure of others
verbal persusaion - encouragement from others
Pyschological feedback - emotional , physical state

40
Q

Drug therapy - Agonists

A

mimic the drug and activate the neuron receptors

41
Q

nicotine replacement therapy - eg of an agonist

A

gradually release nicotine by patch which bind with nicotine acetycholine receptors - releasing dopamine

42
Q

drug therapy - antagonists

A

bind to receptors and blocks them so drug doesn’t have same effect , reducing craving

43
Q

drug therapy - aversives

A

stops 2nd enzyme breaking down alcohol so stays in it’s toxic state making it unpleasent ,

44
Q

Boyce et al - nicotine replacement therapy

A

NRT is 60% more effective compared to placebo or no therapy

45
Q

NRT A03 - everyone

A

side effects - sleep disturbance , headaches
may lead to poor treatment adherence

46
Q

drug therapy A03- motivation

A

some may lack motivtion to take part in drug therapy

47
Q

Reducing gambling - aversion therapy

A

counterconditioning - replacing positive association with a negative one

48
Q

how aversion therapy works

A

addict thinks of words that relate to gambling and put into cards with other words that don’t relate, when a gambling card comes up an electric shock is given

49
Q

Negatives of aversion therapy

A

electric shocks may be worse than addiction itself - poor treatment adherence
doesn’t treat initial cause

50
Q

covert sensitisation - nicotine addiction

A

client imagines themsleves smoking and then imagines something unpleasent ( cig covered in shit)

51
Q

Aversion therapy VS covert sensitsation -McConaghy

A

compared therapies with succes in reducing gambling addiction a year later
Aversion therapy - 30%
Covert sensitization - 90%

52
Q

CBT and addiction

A

16 sessions which establish relationship between therapist and client

53
Q

CBT process - functional analysis

A

look at cause and consequence of behaviour
identify high risk situations
establish thought patterns during high risk sitautions

54
Q

skills training CBT

A

tells then shows the patient what to do and client practices them in high risk situations

55
Q

CBT - Cognitive restructering

A

confronting and challenging faulty beliefs
( showing gamblers machines are pre detrmined)

56
Q

specific skills training

A

functional analysis may show that the client lacks specific skills that help them cope in specific situations ( lack of anger management may lead to substance abuse )

57
Q

social skills training

A

functional analysis may reveal the client lacks social skills that help them cope ( an alocholic may be embarressed about refusing to drink)

58
Q

Pros of CBT

A

gives client control
teaches client applicable skills
means client can eventually use skills without the therapy
active rather than passive

59
Q

Cons of CBT

A

time consuming
high cost
may need drug therapy too

60
Q

Petry et al - CBT with Gamblers

A

allocated gamblers to either a GA meeting or GA meeting + CBT
CBT condition reduced addiction more

61
Q

Cowlish et al - CBT

A

reviewed 11 CBT studies
CBT reduces addiction massively in first 3 months
after 9-12 months CBT has limited affects

62
Q

Theory of planned behaviour - Ajzen

A

cognitive factors that lead to a decision to engage in a behaviour
can be prevented by their intention to engage

63
Q

Theory of planned behaviour - 3 factors of intention

A

behavioural atttitude
subjective norm
percieved behavioural control

64
Q

Changing behavioural attitude - USA marujuanah

A

US national drug launched a campaign to lower weed use, aimed to create different attitude towards effect of weed

65
Q

changing subjective norm - anti drug campaigns

A

give data about how many young people actually engage in risky behaviour

66
Q

perceived behavioural control - Godin et al

A

examined extent TPB explains smoking intentions and behaviours
found the 3 elements did help explain intentions but perceived control was most important
programmes should focus on the will power

67
Q

self efficacy and abstinence - Majer et al

A

role of self efficacy on abstinence anf found that encouraging an addict beleif in quitting created a positive outcome

68
Q

Webb et al - TPB

A

analysed 85 studies of intervention and found those based on TPB had greatest success

69
Q

McCheachen - TPB

A

Meta analysis study of TPB predicting behaviours , found correlation between intention and behaviour

70
Q

intention behaviour gap

A

can’t explain causation of behaviour and some pyschologist question this theory

71
Q

6 spiral model of behavioural change

A

pre contemplation - contemplation - preperation - action - maintenance - termination

72
Q

spiral model of behavioural change - action stage

A

relapse is still possible but behaviour has been changed for considerable amount of time

Pysch Paper 3 (4 decks)

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