Relational Influences Flashcards

1
Q

conflict

A

occurs when there is a perception that two parties have incompatible goals, ideas or behaviours, or when an individual’s needs aren’t met

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2
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

− occurs when each party tends to form reciprocal and distorted perceptions of the other that are remarkably a like
−tend to refer to ‘them’ as incompetent or untrustworthy, evil or immoral
−tend to refer to ‘us’ as a model of competence, integrity, virtue, have high moral values
−‘our’ motives are positive, ‘their’ motives are negative
−e.g. mother is convinced her son leaves his room messy to her, son is convinced that his mum tidies his room to irritate him

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3
Q

imposed solutions

A

-dictated solutions
-one party is stronger – imposes solution
-third party may be an imposed solution; e.g. mother settling dispute between siblings
-usually lead to one party winning and one party being dissatisfied
∴ underlying conflict may be unresolved

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4
Q

distributive solutions

A

−involve compromise or mutual concessions

−e.g. wages are set at a level somewhere between that desired by employers and employees

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5
Q

integrative solutions

A

−often called win-win solutions
−both sides benefit
−more difficult than reaching compromise as it involves understanding both parties’ motives, values, goals
−ensures motives of each party is addressed rather than focusing on explicit demands

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6
Q

Follet (1940, cited in Thompson & Hastie, 1990)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTRIBUTIVE AND INTEGRATIVE

A

−showed difference between distributive and integrative
−dispute over orange
−compromise by cutting in half - distributive
−however, one drank juice threw away peel, other used peel and threw away juice
−integrative would have been one sister have all the peel, other have all the juice

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7
Q

Counselling

A

−one or both parties may choose to work with counsellor to develop skills to deal with conflict or to solve conflict directly
−counsellors often help clients to solve their own problems, rather than providing the solutions
−often help improve listening skills so they actually ‘hear’ the other party
−also improve their assertiveness – so they can express opinions and concerns in a non-aggressive manner

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8
Q

Negotiation

A

−involved parties who have some shared and some opposing interests coming together to try to reach agreement
−successful negotiation is an integrative solution – though at times negotiation may break down bc party fails to understand positions and goals

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9
Q

Mediation and arbitration

A

−involve bring third parties to help settle conflict
−mediators help parties to focus on issues and reach voluntary solution
−in arbitration, third party has right to impose a solution after hearing both sides
−advantages; improve relationship, help them see common ground, bring new ieas

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10
Q

Divorce Mediation

A

−mediation and other forms of dispute resolution have been used to deal with conflict of parting parents
−used to reduce burden on family law courts and reduce negative impact of ongoing litigation on children and family relationships

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11
Q
Robert Emery (2005)
Effectiveness of mediation
A

−longitudinal study evaluated effectiveness of mediation as opposed to adversarial settlement
−12 years long
−followed progress of parting couples who had been randomly allocated to a mediation or a court settlement group
−mediation was found it can:
 settle a large % of cases otherwise headed to court
 possibly speed settlement, save money and increase compliance with agreements
 increase party satisfaction
 improve relationships between non-residential parents and children
 improve relationships between divorced parents
−helped parents see that for commitment to ongoing, long-term parenting cooperation; providing an opportunity to address emotional issues; help parents establish businesslike relationship

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12
Q

socialisation

A

acquiring the beliefs, values and behaviours that are thought to be important and appropriate to function effectively as a member of society

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13
Q

agents of socialisation

A

factors that affect socialisation e.g. families, schools, mass media, religion

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14
Q

Attachment

A

−formation of a strong emotional tie between a mother and her baby
−claimed there is a sensitive period this can occur; failure can lead to harmful effects later in life e.g. poor social and emotional development

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15
Q
attachment in monkeys
harry harlow (1959)
A

−studied role of nursing in attachment in 8 monkeys that had been separated from their mother’s at birth
−reared in a cage w/ 2 surrogate mothers made of mesh wire (similar in shape and size to own mother)
−1 covered in cloth, other uncovered
−bottle attached to one of the mothers; half was attached to wire, half attached to cloth
−predicted that attachment was based on feeding and monkey would prefer the bottle mother
−found that regardless of whether cloth mother had the bottle or not, the infant would spend more time there
−preference of mothers was tested through introduction of stressful situation; all infants went to cloth mother
−concluded that ‘contact comfort’ was more important in attachment
−IMPORTANT that generalisation from animals to humans should be treated cautiously

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16
Q
attachment in humans 
john bowlby (1907-1990)
A

−According to bowlby’s evolutionary perspective, children who are always close to their mothers would have avoided predators and grown up to have children of their own
−Believed there is sensitive period where infants imprinted by early contanct w/ mothers
−Did not rule out possibility of other attachment figures
−Believed there should be a primary bond (more important than any other) – monotropy
−Failure or breakdown of this lead to negative consequences
−Maternal deprivation; separation from, or loss of, the mother, as well as to the failure to develop a attachment
−Long-term consequences of maternal deprivation;
 Delinquency
 Reduced intelligence
 Increased aggression
 Depression
 An inability to show affection/concern for others
−Primary caregiver acts as a prototype for future relationships via internal working model
 Model of others as being trustworthy
 Model of the self as valuable
 A model of the self as effective when interacting with other

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17
Q

Ainsworth (1970) steps in strange situation

A
  1. Observer introduces parent and infant to experimental room (which there are toys) and then leaves room
  2. Mother sits in room while infant plays/explores
  3. Stranger comes into room. Is silent, then speaks to mother, the approaches infant
  4. (first separation) mother leaves. Stranger left with infant and gears behaviour to that of infant
  5. (first reunion) mother returns, greets/comforts infant and re-engages infant in playing. Stranger leaves room
  6. (second separation) mother leaves room, saying bye
  7. stranger re-enters room and gears behaviour to that of infant
  8. (second reunion) mother returns, greets/comforts infant and picks infant up. Stranger leaves
18
Q

Type A

A

ANXIOUS-AVOIDANT INFANTS: showed their insecurity by ignoring their mothers, failing to look at her and not trying to be close to her

19
Q

Type B

A

SECURE INFANTS: they used their mother as a secure base from which to explore the room

20
Q

Type C

A

ANXIOUS-RESISTANT INFANTS: they showed their insecurity by resisting their mothers, such as by clinging on to her but also kicking and pushing away

21
Q

Van Ijzendoon and Kronberg (1988)

A

−Carried out an analysis of studies involving 32 samples from 8 countries to look at differences between countries
−Found all 3 types where present in all cultures
−Differences within cultures were greater than differences between cultures
−Type B most common in all countries
−Type C more common in Japan and Isreal
−Type A more common in western European

22
Q

Sagi (1994)

A

−High proportion of children raised in Israeli kibbutzim had Type C attachment to mothers
−Likely due to sleeping arrangements
−Infants are moved to an ‘infant house’ at 6 weeks
−Small group of professional carers, with mother visiting to feed and bathe
−Two watchwomen to care at night
−Means there was delay in attending to infants needs during night and no stable relationship with an adult at night

23
Q

Parenting

A

−Parents influence children
−Children (easy/difficult baby) influence how parents react to them and raise them
−Relationship between parents affect parenting
−Cox (1989) found mothers with close/supportive relationship with their partners are more likely to be patient/nurturing towards child
−Responsiveness; level of support and affection shown by a parent – the degree to which they smile at, praise and encourage their children
−Control; the extent that parents supervise and regulate their children’s behaviour

24
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

demand obedience from children. Set many rules and give few explanations for them. Not interested in alternative viewpoints that children may have. Use power or withdrawal of love to enforce rules. Both demanding and strict, with high expectations of compliance to parental rules and demands

25
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

style that sets limits for children. Parents demands are reasonable and make sure children understand the why. More responsive to their children’s viewpoints. As children get older try get them in the decision-making process. Warm and responsive, yet expect children to follow rules. Expect mature/independent/age-appropriate behaviours
 Children are: More achievement orientated, better social skills, confident and stayed clear of drugs and other problems

26
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

provides parental acceptance of children. Few rules/guidelines. Parent rarely tries to control behaviour. More of a frien

27
Q

Uninvolved Parenting

A

displayed by parents who have either rejected their children or who are so overwhelmed by the stresses in their own lives that they have no time or energy for children. No set limits.
 Children are: prone to temper tantrums, more likely to be involved in criminal acts

28
Q

Blended family

A

a couple family containing two or more children, of whom at least 1 is the natural child of both members of the couple, at least one is stepchild

29
Q

Child

A

person of any age who is a natural, step or foster son or daughter of a couple or lone parent. Doesn’t have child/partner of their own in household

30
Q

Dependent Child

A

all family members under 15, 15-19 years (if attending school), 15-24 years (if attending tertiary education

31
Q

Family

A

two or more persons, one of whom is aged 15 years and over, who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, step or fostering in same household

32
Q

Intact family

A

couple family containing at least 1 child who it’s the natural/foster child of both members of couple

33
Q

Non-dependent child

A

in couple or one-parent families, sons or daughters who are over 15 and 15-24 year olds aren’t in full time schooling

34
Q

One-parent family

A

consisting of one parent with at least one dependent or non-dependent chil

35
Q

Other family

A

family of related individuals in same household – individuals don’t form a couple or parent-child relationship e.g. brother and sister only

36
Q

Step family

A

couple family containing one or more children, at least one of whom is the stepchild of either member of the couple and none of who is the natural/foster of both memembers of the couple

37
Q

Factors influencing nature of families

A

 Demographic changes – fewer children in families and people living longer
 Economic changes – globalisation, a focus on competition and profits
 Women in the workforce – the impact on caring for children, particularly access to quality out-of-home child care
 Changes in family structure
 Increased technology

38
Q

Formal grandparenting

A

these grandparents provide special outings and activities at birthdays and other occasions. Tend to be 65+ years

39
Q

fun-seeking grandparents

A

these grandparents are typically around 50 and enjoy playing and other informal activities with young children

40
Q

remote grandparents

A

these grandparents have little social or psychological investment in their grandchildren, often a result of physical distance

41
Q

parent-surrogate grandparents

A

these grandparents take over the child-care responsibilities when parents are absent due to work, divorce or death

42
Q

‘fonts of wisdom’ grandparents

A

these grandparents maintain family traditions and provide links with previous generations. They are the storytellers and the ones who impart wisdom, memories and skills to the new generations