Regulations for command Flashcards
What must the pilot in command have before flight regarding weight and balance?
They must have the weight and balance information prescribed by the Part 121 Manual of Standards.
(CASR 121.445)
What must the operator and pilot in command ensure regarding flight documents?
They must ensure that all required documents under CASR 121.085 are carried on the aircraft and readily accessible to the crew during the flight.
(CASR 121.090)
How can flight planning information be recorded if it is not included in the operational flight plan?
Information may be recorded in other documents such as a journey log, as long as it is readily available to the operator.
(CASR 121.175)
Are any substances excluded from this regulation?
Yes, tea, cocoa, chocolate, or confectionery containing caffeine or guarana are not considered psychoactive substances.
(CASR 91.790 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What must the operator and pilot in command ensure regarding fuel planning?
They must ensure that sufficient fuel is onboard to safely complete the flight, considering operational conditions and contingencies.
(CASR 121.235)
What regulation must cabin crew seat assignments comply with?
Cabin crew seat assignments must comply with emergency evacuation procedures as required by CASR 121.755.
(CASR 121.380)
What must operators do to ensure compliance with alternate aerodrome planning?
They must establish detailed procedures for selecting and assessing alternate aerodromes before flight.
(CASR 121.165 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
Why is compliance with these safety directions crucial?
Compliance ensures passenger safety during critical phases of flight, such as takeoff, landing, and turbulence.
(CASR 91.575 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What must be considered when calculating landing performance?
Aircraft configuration, operational equipment, aerodrome characteristics, and required safety margins must be considered.
(CASR 121.420)
How does this regulation ensure passenger safety during flight?
By requiring strict compliance with safety measures, especially during taxi, takeoff, and landing, which are the most critical phases of flight.
(CASR 91.570 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How do ground signals indicate aerodrome conditions?
Symbols such as white crosses or dumbbells placed near the wind direction indicator show operational conditions of the aerodrome.
(CASR 91.670 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What is the importance of maintaining communication vigilance with ATC?
It ensures proper coordination in controlled airspace and prevents operational misunderstandings.
(CASR 91.257 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What does CASA recommend regarding takeoff, approach, and landing checklists?
CASA recommends operators establish minimum checklists for these phases to ensure consistency.
(CASR 91.245 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What legal considerations apply to the use of force during an arrest?
Under the Australian Crimes Act 1914, reasonable and necessary force is allowed, and the individual must be informed of the reason for their arrest.
(CASR 91.225 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What procedures must an operator include in their exposition regarding restricted persons?
The exposition must include procedures for carrying a restricted person on the aircraft and informing the pilot in command about their presence on the flight.
(CASR 121.250)
What must a passenger do when given a safety direction by the pilot?
The passenger must comply with any safety direction given by the pilot in command during the flight.
(CASR 91.575)
What training must operators provide regarding cabin crew seat assignments?
Operators must train cabin crew on seat assignments and emergency procedures to ensure swift and effective evacuations.
(CASR 121.380 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
Can electronic versions of documents be used instead of paper copies?
Yes, electronic versions are acceptable if they comply with CASA standards for reliability and accessibility.
(CASR 121.085 – notes from Part 121 MOS)
Why is having accurate weight and balance information important?
It prevents safety risks such as improper loading, incorrect fuel calculations, and unstable aircraft handling.
(CASR 121.445 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What must happen to an arrested individual after the flight?
The pilot in command must ensure the arrested individual is delivered to the appropriate authorities as soon as possible after landing.
(CASR 91.225)
What climb gradient requirements apply to aeroplanes over 3,500 kg?
They must meet stricter gross gradient climb requirements, ensuring obstacle clearance of at least 1.9% in certain conditions.
(CASR 121.395 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What specific weather information must the pilot review before departure?
The pilot must review weather forecasts and reports for:
- The departure aerodrome
- The planned destination aerodrome
- Any planned alternate aerodrome
- Other relevant weather conditions for the flight.
(CASR 91.230 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How must operators document fuel planning procedures?
Fuel planning processes must be outlined in the operator’s operations manual to ensure compliance with CASA regulations.
(CASR 121.235 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What constitutes offensive or disorderly behavior on an aircraft?
Any behavior that endangers the safety of the aircraft or persons onboard, including assault, intimidation, or threats (verbal or physical, with or without a weapon), and intentional damage or destruction of property.
(CASR 91.525)
How should pilots conduct preflight checks when specific instructions are not provided?
They must follow the aircraft flight manual (AFM) or manufacturer guidance.
(CASR 91.245 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How should operators establish procedures for determining landing minima?
Operators must consider:
- Aircraft performance characteristics
- Availability and serviceability of navigation and lighting aids
(CASR 121.180 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How should alternate aerodromes be selected?
Alternate aerodromes must be operationally suitable and meet CASA standards, including weather minima and available facilities.
(CASR 121.170 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How should passengers with reduced mobility be accommodated?
Operators must ensure appropriate seating arrangements and brief crew on how to assist in emergencies.
(CASR 121.275 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
When is a person prohibited from displaying a visual signal to an aircraft?
A person must not display a signal for marshalling an aircraft unless it is a standard visual signal.
(CASR 91.670)
What are the acceptable formats for carrying flight preparation forms?
Flight preparation forms may be carried electronically, provided they meet CASA reliability and accessibility standards.
(CASR 121.115 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must an operator or pilot in command do if required documents are missing?
They must notify CASA: Before the flight begins, or Within 24 hours after landing, if prior notification was impracticable.
(CASR 121.085)
What happens if weight and balance documents do not meet regulatory standards?
The operator and pilot in command are in violation if the documents do not meet the requirements prescribed by the Part 121 Manual of Standards.
(CASR 121.455)
What key factors must a PIC consider before deciding to continue flight to another aerodrome after an emergency occurs?
The PIC must evaluate:
1. Nature and extent of the malfunction (e.g., engine failure, structural damage, or system malfunction).
2. Populated areas below the flight path.
3. Remaining thrust available from operating engines.
4. Aircraft altitude and weight.
5. Fuel reserves and estimated fuel burn.
6. Weather conditions at potential aerodromes.
7. Suitability of the nearest aerodrome.
8. Air traffic congestion and available ATC support.
9. Familiarity with the aerodrome.
(CASR 91.685 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What documentation must be maintained regarding restricted persons?
The operator must include records of the restricted person’s status and conditions of carriage in their operational documentation.
(CASR 121.250 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
Who is allowed to enter the cockpit during flight?
Only authorized persons under aviation security regulations, such as regulatory officers conducting inspections or those permitted under the Aviation Transport Security Regulations 2005.
(CASR 121.155)
What precautions must be taken regarding under-seat baggage storage?
Baggage stored under seats must be secured with a restraint bar to prevent movement.
(CASR 121.255 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What is the purpose of cockpit safety briefings?
Briefings prepare individuals for emergency and abnormal situations to maintain security and safety.
(CASR 121.155 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What are some examples of safety directions that passengers must follow?
Passengers must fasten seatbelts when directed, adjust seatbacks as required, and secure tray tables and other attachments before takeoff and landing.
(CASR 91.575)
What are the meanings of key light signals given to an aircraft from the tower?
Steady green: Cleared for takeoff (on ground) / Cleared to land (in flight). Flashing red: Taxi clear of landing area (on ground) / Do not land (in flight). Steady red: Stop (on ground) / Give way, continue circling (in flight).
(CASR 91.670 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What details must weight and balance documentation include?
Aircraft registration, total weight, passenger and cargo weights, zero fuel weight, and maximum takeoff/landing weights.
(CASR 121.445 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How does the pilot’s authority interact with organizational control?
The pilot’s authority overrides any organizational authority during the flight if safety concerns arise.
(CASR 91.215 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What key types of flight planning information must be accessible?
Information must include:
- Weather forecasts and reports
- NOTAMs for the flight
- Suitability of departure, destination, and alternate aerodromes
(CASR 121.180)
What type of information is prohibited from being included in a safety briefing?
Briefings must not include information not relevant to the aircraft type or unrelated to aircraft and passenger safety.
(CASR 121.285)
Under what circumstances can a pilot deviate from an ATC clearance?
A pilot may deviate only if:
- Safety of the aircraft or occupants requires it.
- It is impractical to obtain a new clearance beforehand.
- ATC is notified as soon as possible.
(CASR 91.257)
How can a pilot issue a direction to fasten seatbelts or harnesses?
The pilot may give the direction verbally or through an illuminated seatbelt sign.
(CASR 91.570)
How must training for safety and emergency equipment be conducted?
Training must be conducted by a person holding an approval under regulation 121.010.
(CASR 121.475 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
Who must have access to flight planning information before and during a flight?
The pilot in command, flight planners, flight re-planners, and operational control personnel must have access to the required information.
(CASR 121.180)
What key elements must be considered in an operational flight plan?
The plan must account for:
- Aircraft safety and passenger safety
- Aircraft performance and operational limitations
- Meteorological conditions for the flight
(CASR 121.175)
What should a pilot do if given a standard visual signal during flight?
The pilot must comply with the signal unless doing so would endanger the aircraft or others.
(CASR 91.670)
Why are weather assessments important in flight preparation?
Accurate weather assessments ensure operational safety and efficiency by identifying risks before departure.
(CASR 121.165 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What must the pilot in command do before a flight that begins or ends outside Australian territory?
The pilot must sign a flight preparation form certifying compliance with key operational requirements.
(CASR 121.115)
What authority does the pilot in command have over the aircraft?
The pilot in command has final authority over the aircraft and discipline of all persons on board.
(CASR 91.215)
Under what conditions can a pilot in command delegate the conduct of the flight?
Delegation is only permitted to a pilot qualified under CASR 121.495 or, above FL200, a pilot meeting the requirements in CASR 121.500.
(CASR 121.535)
When can a cabin crew member issue safety instructions to passengers?
A cabin crew member may give instructions relating to the safety of the aircraft or the safety of individuals onboard during a flight.
(CASR 91.580)
What additional regulations apply to deportees and persons in custody?
Operators must comply with Division 4.5 of the Aviation Transport Security Regulations 2005, which provides further procedural requirements.
(CASR 121.250)
What training requirements must flight crew members meet?
They must complete initial, recurrent, and conversion training, as well as route knowledge training if required.
(CASR 121.475 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
Under what conditions may a passenger operate a portable electronic device on an aircraft?
A passenger may operate a portable electronic device only if the pilot in command determines that it does not affect aircraft safety.
(CASR 91.170)
What safety instructions must the pilot in command issue before taxiing, takeoff, or landing?
The pilot must direct passengers to fasten seatbelts or shoulder harnesses, adjust seatbacks to an upright position, and stow tray tables, footrests, or other attachments as required by the AFM.
(CASR 91.570)
What specific information must be included in weight and balance documents?
Documents must list registration details, crew details, weight calculations, and a certification of compliance with balance limits.
(CASR 121.455 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must be included in command training for pilots?
Training must include flight training in the aircraft or simulator, proficiency checks, command responsibilities, and emergency procedures.
(CASR 121.565)
What are the key right-of-way rules pilots must follow?
Pilots must follow right-of-way rules, including: Higher aircraft on approach must give way to lower aircraft unless the lower aircraft takes unfair advantage. Overtaking aircraft must pass on the right and remain clear until well past. In head-on situations, both aircraft must alter their heading to the right.
(CASR 91.340 – notes from Plain English Guide)
When does the pilot’s authority begin and end during a flight?
The pilot’s authority begins when the aircraft doors are closed before takeoff and ends when the doors are opened after landing.
(CASR 91.215)
What must the operator’s exposition include regarding route knowledge for relief pilots?
It must specify the required knowledge of flight routes and aerodromes for pilots who may act as relief crew.
(CASR 121.535 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
Why is command training critical for pilots transitioning to PIC roles?
It ensures they are prepared for leadership responsibilities, emergency handling, and decision-making under real-world conditions.
(CASR 121.565 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What conditions require a destination alternate aerodrome?
A destination alternate is required when:
- Weather is below alternate minima within 30 minutes before or after arrival.
- Night operations at aerodromes without instrument approach procedures.
- Portable runway lighting is used without a reliable activation system.
(CASR 91.235 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What additional factors must be considered for landing performance?
Aerodrome elevation, runway slope, wind conditions, missed approach climb gradients, and obstacle clearance.
(CASR 121.420 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What are the operator’s responsibilities for take-off performance?
The operator must ensure compliance with MOS take-off performance criteria, including adjustments for wet or contaminated runways.
(CASR 121.395)
What substances are considered psychoactive under this regulation?
Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, solvents, and cocaine.
(CASR 91.790 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What additional qualifications must a relief pilot have for operations above FL200?
The relief pilot must hold an air transport pilot licence, meet co-pilot requirements, and have adequate route knowledge.
(CASR 121.535)
What must happen before a non-crew member enters the cockpit?
The individual must receive a safety briefing from the pilot in command or co-pilot before entering, or as soon as practicable after entry.
(CASR 121.155)
What procedures must be followed for low-visibility landings?
The pilot must have at least three consecutive runway or approach lighting elements visible and execute a missed approach if visibility deteriorates below the minimum prescribed.
(CASR 121.180 – notes from Plain English Guide)
Can weight and balance documents be kept electronically?
Yes, electronic records are acceptable if they meet CASA standards for reliability.
(CASR 121.455 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What additional checks must be verified before takeoff?
The checklist must confirm:
- Supplemental oxygen and protective breathing equipment are operable if required.
- Altimeters and altitude systems are accurate.
(CASR 91.245 – notes from Plain English Guide)
When must an operational flight plan be prepared?
The operational flight plan must be prepared before each flight and meet all regulatory requirements.
(CASR 121.175)
What actions can the pilot in command take regarding a passenger before a flight?
The pilot can order a person to disembark, remove them from the aircraft with reasonable force, or detain them if necessary.
(CASR 91.220)
What additional disruptive behaviors could lead to intervention by the crew?
Actions that disrupt flight order or create an unsafe environment may lead to intervention.
(CASR 91.525 – notes from Plain English Guide)
Why does the PIC need to assess terrain and airspace congestion before choosing to continue flight to another aerodrome?
The PIC must ensure:
1. Terrain clearance is maintained throughout the emergency descent and approach.
2. Airspace congestion does not delay arrival at the selected aerodrome.
3. ATC can support emergency handling with priority routing.
4. Alternate aerodrome options are available if conditions worsen en route.
(CASR 91.685 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How does weather and visibility impact right-of-way responsibilities?
Pilots must consider weather and visibility conditions when applying right-of-way rules to ensure safe separation from other aircraft.
(CASR 91.340 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How must last-minute changes to loading be managed?
Changes must comply with the operator’s procedures and be reflected in weight and balance documentation.
(CASR 121.435)
How should operators ensure compliance with document accessibility requirements?
Operators must establish training programs for crew members to ensure they are familiar with document access procedures.
(CASR 121.090 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What authorization does a non-pilot crew member need to arrest a person on board?
A non-pilot crew member must have the pilot in command’s authorization to arrest a person.
(CASR 91.225)
Why is delegation of command strictly regulated?
Delegation supports operational efficiency but must adhere to strict qualifications to maintain flight safety.
(CASR 121.535 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What documentation must be maintained for aircraft loading?
It must include aircraft registration, flight identification, passenger, cargo, and fuel weights, and balance calculations.
(CASR 121.435 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What security measures must be in place for transporting restricted persons?
Operators must ensure restricted persons are accompanied by security personnel where necessary and that proper risk assessments are conducted before the flight.
(CASR 121.250 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How must passengers with reduced mobility be briefed before a flight?
Crew must ask the passenger or their assistant how they can best be assisted during an emergency evacuation.
(CASR 121.285 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What additional safety margins are recommended for take-off performance calculations?
Safety margins should be applied where aircraft manuals lack data on degraded performance due to runway conditions or environmental factors.
(CASR 121.395 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What must operators and pilots ensure regarding aircraft loading?
The aircraft must be loaded within certified weight and balance limits at all times.
(CASR 121.435)
What are the qualification requirements for a pilot in command?
The PIC must meet the operator’s minimum flying experience, complete command training, and be authorized under Part 61 or the aircraft’s State of registry.
(CASR 121.495)
What factors must the pilot consider before allowing the use of portable electronic devices?
The pilot must assess the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), manufacturer data, and operational experience to determine whether the device could interfere with the aircraft.
(CASR 91.170 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How does CASR 91.575 reinforce CASR 91.570?
CASR 91.575 ensures that passengers actually follow the safety instructions issued under CASR 91.570, reinforcing onboard safety procedures.
(CASR 91.575 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What role do cabin crew members play in enforcing the pilot’s directives?
Cabin crew members must assist the pilot in enforcing safety-related directives and managing risks during the flight.
(CASR 91.220 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What safety briefings must be provided before takeoff?
Briefings must cover seatbelt use, emergency exits, life jackets, oxygen equipment (if applicable), smoking prohibitions, and brace positions.
(CASR 121.285)
Who is exempt from the seatbelt requirement?
A passenger may be exempt if wearing a seatbelt could harm their health, they are ill or incapacitated but still safely restrained in another way, or the pilot in command agrees to the exemption.
(CASR 91.570)
How is landing distance adjusted for wet or contaminated runways?
It must be at least 115% of the dry landing distance unless specific performance data supports lower thresholds.
(CASR 121.420 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What responsibilities does the pilot in command have regarding the safety of the flight?
The pilot must ensure the safety of all persons, cargo, and the aircraft’s operation throughout the flight.
(CASR 91.215)
When can a crew member refuse a passenger boarding?
A crew member may refuse boarding if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the passenger is likely to behave in an offensive or disorderly manner that could endanger safety.
(CASR 91.525)
What must the pilot do when given an ATC clearance or instruction?
The pilot must comply with the clearance or instruction unless an exemption applies.
(CASR 91.257)
Why are cabin crew members authorized to issue safety instructions?
They are trained to assess and handle safety-related situations to protect passengers and ensure aircraft safety.
(CASR 91.580 – notes from Plain English Guide)
Can a flight depart if no weather forecast is available?
A flight may depart only if conditions at the departure aerodrome allow for a safe return and landing within one hour of takeoff. If no forecast is obtained within 30 minutes of takeoff, the pilot must return to the departure aerodrome.
(CASR 91.230 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What key requirements must the flight preparation form confirm?
The form must confirm: Aircraft performance meets operational needs, required documents are onboard and accessible, weight and balance limits will be maintained throughout the flight.
(CASR 121.115)
Who is allowed to occupy cabin crew seats adjacent to floor-level exits?
Only cabin crew or authorized personnel such as company employees, in-flight inspectors, or able-bodied passengers in emergencies.
(CASR 121.380)
Where are passengers with reduced mobility prohibited from sitting?
They must not be seated where they could hinder the crew in their safety duties, obstruct access to emergency equipment, or impede an emergency evacuation.
(CASR 121.275)
What restrictions apply to the placement of carry-on baggage?
Baggage must not obstruct access to emergency exits or impede cabin safety operations.
(CASR 121.255 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What documents must be carried on an aeroplane for a flight under Part 121?
Required documents include: Flight crew medical certificates, Flight crew licences or certificates of validation, Operational flight plan and flight manual, Passenger and cargo manifests, Weight and balance documentation.
(CASR 121.085)
What is a passenger required to do if given a lawful direction by the pilot?
The passenger must comply with any direction to do or not do something while on the aircraft.
(CASR 91.220)
Why is weight and balance accuracy particularly critical for smaller aircraft?
Small aircraft are more sensitive to improper weight distribution, increasing operational risks.
(CASR 121.435 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What qualifications must the pilot in command meet?
The pilot in command must meet the experience requirements of CASR 121.480 and hold the appropriate qualifications under CASR 121.495 or 121.500.
(CASR 121.475)
What must an operator’s exposition include regarding carry-on baggage?
The exposition must outline procedures for securely stowing carry-on baggage, determining maximum weight and size limits, and identifying approved stowage locations.
(CASR 121.255)
What demonstrations must be included in safety briefings?
Demonstrations must include donning and inflating life jackets, identifying emergency exits and escape path lighting, and brace positions.
(CASR 121.285 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What is the minimum flight crew composition for a Part 121 operation?
The flight crew must include at least two pilots, meeting the aeroplane’s flight manual and regulatory qualifications.
(CASR 121.475)
What is the minimum dry runway landing distance requirement for jet aircraft?
It must not exceed 60% of the available runway length.
(CASR 121.420)
What pre-flight briefings should be provided to passengers with reduced mobility?
Crew must ask the passenger or their assistant how they can best be assisted during an emergency evacuation.
(CASR 121.275 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must a pilot avoid during takeoff or landing to comply with right-of-way rules?
The pilot must ensure the aircraft is not flown in a manner that creates a risk of collision with another aircraft, a person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
(CASR 91.340)
Why is safety the primary concern in allowing portable electronic devices?
If there is any concern about interference or risk, the pilot should prohibit the operation of the device.
(CASR 91.170 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What specific details must be recorded in an operational flight plan?
It must include:
- Route and waypoints
- Lowest safe altitudes for each segment
- Fuel requirements based on operational needs
(CASR 121.175 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How is compliance with weight and balance ensured before flight?
The responsible person must certify compliance, and the pilot must review the documentation.
(CASR 121.445 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must the pilot in command ensure before a flight regarding weather assessments?
The pilot must complete all weather assessments required under the Part 91 Manual of Standards (MOS) before the flight.
(CASR 91.230)
What procedures must operators have in place for cockpit access?
Operators must train flight and cabin crew on cockpit access procedures and security protocols.
(CASR 121.155 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What weight and balance documents must be prepared before flight?
The documents must include passenger, cargo, and fuel weights to ensure compliance with aircraft weight and balance limits.
(CASR 121.455)
What must an operator’s exposition include for pilots in command?
It must specify the minimum flying experience required for all Part 121 aeroplanes operated by the company.
(CASR 121.495)
What role do fuel reserves play in determining whether to proceed to another aerodrome?
The PIC must confirm:
1. There is sufficient fuel for a safe diversion.
2. Holding fuel is available in case an immediate landing is not possible.
3. Additional fuel burn due to a depressurization scenario.
4. Missed approach and alternate fuel requirements.
(CASR 91.685 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What key fuel requirements must be considered during flight planning?
Operators must account for:
- Fuel required for taxi, climb, cruise, descent, and landing
- Contingency fuel for unforeseen circumstances
- Fuel for diversion to an alternate aerodrome if required
(CASR 121.235 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must a passenger do when given an instruction by a cabin crew member?
The passenger must comply with the instruction.
(CASR 91.580)
What final assessment must a pilot complete before acting as PIC?
They must successfully complete a line check in accordance with CASR 121.590.
(CASR 121.565 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must the pilot in command ensure before takeoff?
The pilot must ensure all preflight checks prescribed in the Part 91 Manual of Standards (MOS) are completed, including:
- Aerodromes, air routes, and facilities are safe.
- NOTAMs and GNSS integrity are verified.
- Aircraft equipment and emergency gear are functional.
- Hatches, panels, controls, weight, and balance are secured.
(CASR 91.245)
Why must operators regularly review their documentation systems?
To ensure compliance with international requirements for flights operating in foreign jurisdictions.
(CASR 121.115 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What are the alternate aerodrome requirements for IFR flights at night?
The alternate must have appropriate navigation aids or be within one hour’s flight time if operating under VFR.
(CASR 91.235 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How do special alternate minima apply to modern aircraft?
Aircraft with advanced navigation and approach systems may use special alternate minima, but these are not available when control services are absent or ground equipment is unserviceable.
(CASR 91.235 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What training must a pilot in command complete?
Training must include command responsibilities, emergency procedures, and proficiency checks tailored to the aircraft type.
(CASR 121.495 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What must a pilot do if weather forecasts are obtained more than one hour before departure?
The pilot must update the forecasts before departure to ensure they are current.
(CASR 91.230 – notes from Plain English Guide)
When must a pilot nominate an alternate aerodrome?
A pilot must nominate an alternate aerodrome when required under the Part 91 Manual of Standards (MOS).
(CASR 91.235)
Can a pilot deviate from standard right-of-way rules?
Yes, pilots may deviate if necessary to avoid an immediate risk of collision.
(CASR 91.340 – notes from Plain English Guide)
When can a crew member prohibit a person from boarding an aircraft?
If there are reasonable grounds to believe the person is affected by a psychoactive substance and may present a hazard.
(CASR 91.790)
What is required for supervised line flying?
Pilots must complete the required number of sectors as PIC under supervision, as outlined in the operator’s exposition.
(CASR 121.565)
What must the operator and pilot in command ensure regarding alternate aerodromes?
They must ensure that the flight plan accounts for alternate aerodromes based on weather, operational, and regulatory criteria as prescribed in the Part 121 Manual of Standards (MOS).
(CASR 121.170)
How should operators and crew manage potential risks of disorderly passengers?
They should take precautionary steps, such as denying boarding or intervening during the flight if necessary.
(CASR 91.525 – notes from Plain English Guide)
When must passengers be given instructions on stowing carry-on baggage?
Passengers must receive instructions before take-off, before landing, and at any other time directed by the pilot in command.
(CASR 121.255)
Why must operators document alternate aerodrome procedures in their expositions?
To ensure consistency in flight preparation and compliance with standardized planning procedures.
(CASR 121.170 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What happens if an alternate aerodrome requirement is not met before a flight?
The operator and pilot in command contravene the regulation, which is a strict liability offense.
(CASR 121.170)
Who must be informed when a passenger with reduced mobility is onboard?
The operator must inform at least one of the following: the pilot in command or the senior cabin crew member (if multiple crew members are onboard).
(CASR 121.275)
What flight preparation requirements must be included in an operator’s exposition?
The exposition must include procedures for weather assessments and alternate aerodrome planning.
(CASR 121.165)
What factors must be considered for take-off performance?
The aerodrome’s runway length, slope, condition, aircraft weight and balance, weather conditions, and obstacle clearance.
(CASR 121.395)
How are crew members trained to handle passengers affected by psychoactive substances?
Crew members receive training to identify signs of impairment and take appropriate preventive actions.
(CASR 91.790 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What briefing must be given to non-crew members assigned to a cabin crew seat?
They must be briefed on seat operation, restraint systems, oxygen equipment, life jackets, and their emergency responsibilities.
(CASR 121.380 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
What additional fuel considerations are required for Extended Diversion Time Operations (EDTO)?
Specific fuel reserves and planning procedures must be in place for flights operating under EDTO requirements.
(CASR 121.235 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How should a pilot handle deviations from ATC instructions in an emergency?
If an emergency requires deviation, the pilot must prioritize safety and notify ATC as soon as practicable.
(CASR 91.257 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What is the final authority of a pilot in command?
The PIC has the final authority over all flight operations, including safety compliance and decision-making during the flight.
(CASR 121.495 – notes from Plain English Guide)
Why does CASA emphasize standardized documentation procedures?
Standardized procedures help reduce operational risk and ensure all required documentation is accessible and complete.
(CASR 121.085 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What are common examples of safety instructions given by cabin crew?
Instructions may include: Fastening seatbelts, Adjusting seats for safety, Stowing or securing baggage and personal items.
(CASR 91.580 – notes from Plain English Guide)
How should the aircraft’s remaining performance be evaluated before deciding to fly to an alternate aerodrome?
The PIC must consider:
1. Current powerplant performance.
2. Control effectiveness and handling characteristics.
3. Pressurization status.
4. Systems reliability.
(CASR 91.685 – notes from Plain English Guide)
What must a person do if directed by the pilot or cabin crew to stop using an electronic device?
The person must immediately stop operating the device if instructed to do so by the pilot in command or a cabin crew member.
(CASR 91.170)
What happens if required documents are not accessible when the flight begins?
If documents are not accessible, the operator and pilot in command contravene the regulation and may be subject to penalties.
(CASR 121.090)
Under what circumstances can a crew member arrest a passenger without a warrant?
A crew member may arrest a person if they believe the individual is committing, attempting to commit, or has committed an offence under the Act or Regulations.
(CASR 91.225)
Under what circumstances must a pilot in command (PIC) of a multi-engine aircraft land at the nearest suitable aerodrome?
The PIC must land at the nearest suitable aerodrome if an emergency occurs that threatens the safety of the aircraft or persons onboard. This decision must prioritize safety over operational or commercial concerns.
(CASR 91.685)
Under what conditions can a pilot or operator issue directions to passengers?
The operator or pilot in command may issue directions if necessary for the safety of the aircraft, persons on board, or people/property on the ground or water.
(CASR 91.220)
How should flight documents be stored to meet regulatory requirements?
Documents must be stored in a way that allows for quick reference, especially during emergencies.
(CASR 121.090 – additional notes sourced from MOS Part 121)
How is a “suitable aerodrome” determined in an emergency, and why might the nearest aerodrome not always be the best option?
A suitable aerodrome must:
1. Have adequate runway length for the aircraft’s current weight.
2. Be free from significant operational limitations.
3. Provide emergency services if required.
4. Have available navigation and lighting aids.
5. Avoid excessive terrain hazards.
6. Offer a safe environment for passengers post-landing.
(CASR 91.685 – notes from Plain English Guide)
