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Physiology Exam 1 > Regulation -Part 3 - 1st Half > Flashcards

Regulation -Part 3 - 1st Half Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 requirements of a cell?

A

Correctly shaped, physically robust, internally structured, change its place and move from place to place, and interact with its neighbors

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2
Q

What does the cytoskeleton determine cellularly?

A

Organization and polarity

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3
Q

What makes it possible for the existence of specialized cellular structures, like microvilli, desmosomes, adheren junctions, apical, and basolateral membranes?

A

A functional cytoskeleton

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4
Q

What are the classifications of cytoskeleton components?

A

Actin filaments, microtubutes, and intermediate filaments

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5
Q

What is the function of actin filaments?

A

Determine the shape of a cell and are necessary for cell locomotion

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6
Q

What determines the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles, direct intracellular transport, and form mitotic spindles?

A

Microtubules

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7
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Provide mechanical strength

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8
Q

What is the function of microtubule-associated proteins (maps)?

A

Move along microtubules bringing transport vesicles to target organelles in the cell

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9
Q

What are the 2 microtubule- associated proteins?

A

Kinesin and dynein

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10
Q

Which direction does kinesin travel?

A

Normally, towards plus end

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11
Q

What direction does dynein travel?

A

Towards the minus end

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12
Q

What is an example of a intermediate filament?

A

Keratin

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13
Q

What is keratin produced by?

A

Keratinocytes in the epidermis

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14
Q

What is made up of keratin?

A

Horns, nails, hair

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15
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A protein that receives chemical signals

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16
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule that binds to a receptor and initiates downstream signaling pathways

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17
Q

What are the 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral system

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18
Q

What 2 parts of the body make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What does the efferent somatic PNS do?

A

Away to skeletal muscle

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20
Q

What does the efferent visceral PNS do?

A

Away to cardiac and smooth muscle, and exocrine glands

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21
Q

What does the afferent somatic PNS do?

A

To from skin and skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What does the afferent visceral PNS do?

A

To from thoracic and abdominal organs, and from olfactory epithelium

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23
Q

What type of information does the PNS deliver to the CNS?

A

Sensory

24
Q

What type of information does the PNS deliver to effector cells?

A

Motor commands

25
Q

Does the CNS regenerate?

A

No

26
Q

Somatic motor system- motor nerve fibers to _____ _____

A

Skeletal muscles

27
Q

When is the sympathetic nervous system activated?

A

During critical situations

28
Q

When is the parasympathetic nervous system activated?

A

At rest

29
Q

Autonomic system- motor nerve fibers to _____, _____, _____ _____

A

Glands, heart, and smooth muscles

30
Q

What 2 nervous systems make up the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

31
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

32
Q

What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system are part of a motor neuron?

A

Dendrites and cell body

33
Q

What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system are part of a motor neuron?

A

Axon and presynaptic terminal

34
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A cluster of cell bodies of nerve cells in the central nervous system

35
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

A cluster of cell bodies of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system

36
Q

What is a bundle of axons called?

A

Nerve

37
Q

What is the classification of neurons based on the number of?

A

Cell processes

38
Q

What are the majority of neurons classified as?

A

Multipolar neurons

39
Q

What type of neurons make up spinal and cranial ganglia?

A

Unipolar

40
Q

What type of neurons make up retina, auditory nerve, and olfactory epithelium?

A

Bipolar neurons

41
Q

What type of cells produce myelinate neurons of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

What type of neuralgia do phagocytosis?

A

Microglia

43
Q

What type of cells are Schwann cells, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells?

A

Neuroglia

44
Q

What type of cells produce myelinate neurons of the central nervous system?

A

Oliogdendrocytes

45
Q

What is myelin composed of?

A

Lipids and proteins

46
Q

When the axon and internodes are long, is the speed of conduction faster or slower?

A

Faster

47
Q

What is the name of the junctions between internodes?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

48
Q

What is the name of a disease in humans caused by defective myelination?

A

Multiple sclerosis

49
Q

What is a disease in animals caused by demyelination?

A

Canine distemper virus

50
Q

What are star-like cells called?

A

Astrocytes

51
Q

What neuroglia makes up 50% of these cells, is surrounded by blood capillaries in the central nervous system, form the glial membrane, and neurons homeostasis?

A

Astrocytes

52
Q

Which neuroglia cells monitor and regulate fluid and electrolyte balances?

A

Astrocytes

53
Q

Which neuroglia cell’s help in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

54
Q

After a central nervous system injury with loss of tissue, what cell acts as a reparative or healing cell?

A

Astrocytes

55
Q

Which neuroglia cells monitor for and remove excessive release of neurotransmitters in synapses?

A

Astrocytes

Physiology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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