Regulation -Part 3 - 1st Half Flashcards
What are the 5 requirements of a cell?
Correctly shaped, physically robust, internally structured, change its place and move from place to place, and interact with its neighbors
What does the cytoskeleton determine cellularly?
Organization and polarity
What makes it possible for the existence of specialized cellular structures, like microvilli, desmosomes, adheren junctions, apical, and basolateral membranes?
A functional cytoskeleton
What are the classifications of cytoskeleton components?
Actin filaments, microtubutes, and intermediate filaments
What is the function of actin filaments?
Determine the shape of a cell and are necessary for cell locomotion
What determines the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles, direct intracellular transport, and form mitotic spindles?
Microtubules
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Provide mechanical strength
What is the function of microtubule-associated proteins (maps)?
Move along microtubules bringing transport vesicles to target organelles in the cell
What are the 2 microtubule- associated proteins?
Kinesin and dynein
Which direction does kinesin travel?
Normally, towards plus end
What direction does dynein travel?
Towards the minus end
What is an example of a intermediate filament?
Keratin
What is keratin produced by?
Keratinocytes in the epidermis
What is made up of keratin?
Horns, nails, hair
What is a receptor?
A protein that receives chemical signals
What is a ligand?
A molecule that binds to a receptor and initiates downstream signaling pathways
What are the 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system?
Central and peripheral system
What 2 parts of the body make up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What does the efferent somatic PNS do?
Away to skeletal muscle
What does the efferent visceral PNS do?
Away to cardiac and smooth muscle, and exocrine glands
What does the afferent somatic PNS do?
To from skin and skeletal muscle
What does the afferent visceral PNS do?
To from thoracic and abdominal organs, and from olfactory epithelium
What type of information does the PNS deliver to the CNS?
Sensory
What type of information does the PNS deliver to effector cells?
Motor commands
Does the CNS regenerate?
No
Somatic motor system- motor nerve fibers to _____ _____
Skeletal muscles
When is the sympathetic nervous system activated?
During critical situations
When is the parasympathetic nervous system activated?
At rest
Autonomic system- motor nerve fibers to _____, _____, _____ _____
Glands, heart, and smooth muscles
What 2 nervous systems make up the autonomic system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
What is a neuron?
Functional unit of the nervous system
What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system are part of a motor neuron?
Dendrites and cell body
What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system are part of a motor neuron?
Axon and presynaptic terminal
What is the nucleus?
A cluster of cell bodies of nerve cells in the central nervous system
What is the ganglion?
A cluster of cell bodies of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system
What is a bundle of axons called?
Nerve
What is the classification of neurons based on the number of?
Cell processes
What are the majority of neurons classified as?
Multipolar neurons
What type of neurons make up spinal and cranial ganglia?
Unipolar
What type of neurons make up retina, auditory nerve, and olfactory epithelium?
Bipolar neurons
What type of cells produce myelinate neurons of the Peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
What type of neuralgia do phagocytosis?
Microglia
What type of cells are Schwann cells, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells?
Neuroglia
What type of cells produce myelinate neurons of the central nervous system?
Oliogdendrocytes
What is myelin composed of?
Lipids and proteins
When the axon and internodes are long, is the speed of conduction faster or slower?
Faster
What is the name of the junctions between internodes?
Nodes of Ranvier
What is the name of a disease in humans caused by defective myelination?
Multiple sclerosis
What is a disease in animals caused by demyelination?
Canine distemper virus
What are star-like cells called?
Astrocytes
What neuroglia makes up 50% of these cells, is surrounded by blood capillaries in the central nervous system, form the glial membrane, and neurons homeostasis?
Astrocytes
Which neuroglia cells monitor and regulate fluid and electrolyte balances?
Astrocytes
Which neuroglia cell’s help in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
After a central nervous system injury with loss of tissue, what cell acts as a reparative or healing cell?
Astrocytes
Which neuroglia cells monitor for and remove excessive release of neurotransmitters in synapses?
Astrocytes
