Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Exam 1 > Regulation- Part 1&2 > Flashcards

Regulation- Part 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Change that leads to a even greate change in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s an example of negative feedback?

A

Body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s an example of positive feedback?

A

Parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does efferent go towards or away the control center?

A

Away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

afferent _ goes toward or away from the control center?

A

Towards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the mainsource of every in the cell?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What one the other 2 energy -producing molecules?

A

NADH and FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are NADH and FADH2exchanged for energy?

A

Electro transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the building blocks?

A

Monosaccharides, Fatty acids, Amino acids, Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the basis of all physiological change?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What one the roles of proteins?

A

Enzymes, reaction coupling, transport, structural functions, signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 things does protein function mainly depend on?

A

Specificity to its substrate
Allosteric changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are active sites?

A

“Pocket” that has a high specificity to the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of allosteric changer?

A

Ligands, voltage, covalent modifications of one or more amino acid side groups, other stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do phospholipid molecules naw a bend in one of the hydrocarbon tails?

A

For obtaining fluid for the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What an example of something that helps keep the membrane in a fluid state

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What % of all membrane proteins are transport proteins?

A

15-30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What an examples of hydrophobic molecules?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are examples of small uncharged polar molecules?

A

Water, urea, glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are examples of large uncharged polar molecules?

A

Glucose, sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are examples of ions?

A

H+, Na+, HCP, K+, CA2+, CI, Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If a molecule is small and less strongly associated with water, will the molecule diffuse across the membrane quicker or slower?

A

Quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do transport proteins transfer?

A

Specific water/soluble molecules across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport down a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport that requires energy, moving solutes against their concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Passive transport is mediated by what?

A

Channels and carries (faciitated diffusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is active transport mediated by?

A

Always carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do channels form?

A

Pores, for specific solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Are channel proteins interactions with solutes strong or weak?

A

Weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do carriers undergo?

A

Conformational changes that expose solute- binding sites on one side of the membrane, and then to the other to finally transfer the solute across it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Are carriers interactions with substrates strong or weak?

A

Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In the vestibule, what are hydrated?

A

Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens to the ions in the selectivity filter?

A

They have lost their water molecules and oxygens of the carbonyl groups of the channel to accommodate the dehydrated solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is sodium rejected my the potassium channel?

A

Its smaller than potassium and cannot be accommodated by the selectivity filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Specific water channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Molecule dissolves in the phospholipid belayer, across it, and then in the aqueous solution on the other side of the membrane

38
Q

Are membrane proteins involved in simple diffusion?

A

No

39
Q

How is the direction of simple diffusion determined?

A

Relative concentrations of the molecule inside and outside of the cell

40
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The transported molecule does not dissolve in the phosphonpid belayer

41
Q

What is facilitated diffusion mediated by?

A

Proteins with no external source of energy

42
Q

What is the direction of facilitated diffusion determined by?

A

The concentration gradients and or by the electric potential across the membrane

43
Q

What is the simple diffusion rate directly proportional to?

A

Solute concentration

44
Q

Higher concentration =_ saturation

A

Faster

45
Q

What can facilitated diffusion be defined as?

A

Saturable

46
Q

What is active transport?

A

Uses energy or a gradient generated by another active transporter

47
Q

How can active transporters be classified?

A

The direction of transport and use of energy

48
Q

What is the name of the three types of transport directions?

A

Uniport, symport, antiport

49
Q

Define uniporters

A

Passive transport of only one molecule

50
Q

Define symporters

A

Coupled transporters of 2 molecules in the same direction

51
Q

Define antiporters

A

Transport of a second molecule in the opposite direction

52
Q

What does primary active transport use?

A

ATP

53
Q

What is secondary active transport driven by?

A

A gradient that is generated by a primary active transporter

54
Q

What is tertiary active transport driven by?

A

A gradient that is generated by a secondary active transporter

55
Q

What are the most popular active tansporters present in the plasma of almost all animal cells?

A

Na, K, atp-ase

56
Q

What active transporters maintain Na and k concentration differences between extra and intra-cellular fluids?

A

Na, K, atp-ase

57
Q

During each transport cycle how many Na are pumped out of and into the cell?

A

3

58
Q

During each transport cycle how many k are pumped out of and into the cell?

A

2

59
Q

How many ATP are used to phosphorylate the protein?

A

1

60
Q

What does phosphorylation do?

A

Changes the conformation of the protein and alters the affinities of the Na and k binding sites

61
Q

What does dephosphorylation do?

A

Restores the pump into its original state

62
Q

What is transcellular transport of glucose mediated by?

A

A secondary active carrier SGLT and a passive transporter GLUT

63
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

Difference in the electrical charge on the two sides of a membrane due to slight excess of positive ions over negative ones on one side and a slight deficit on the other

64
Q

What is the result of an active transport (electrogenic) and a passive diffusion?

A

Resting membrane potential of cells

65
Q

Do electrochemical gradients have a positive or negative membrane potential inside?

A

Negative

66
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

67
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of large particles

68
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Ingestion of small particles/fluids

69
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Involves specific membrane receptors

70
Q

What are the 2 types of exocytosis pathways?

A

Constitutive and regulated secretory pathways

71
Q

What type of cells are found using constitutive secretory pathways?

A

All cells

72
Q

Is signaling necessary in constitutive secretory pathway?

A

No

73
Q

What type of proteins is constitutive secretory pathway used for?

A

Membrane, extracellular matrix, and signaling proteins

74
Q

What type of cells are regulated secretary pathways in?

A

Specialized cells

75
Q

What is regulated secretory pathways necessary for?

A

Vesicle/membrane fusion

76
Q

What are regulated secretory pathways used for?

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone release

77
Q

Do exo- and endocytosis take place simutareously in a cell?

A

Yes

78
Q

How does the exchange between plasma and intertitium occur?

A

Vesicular transport, diffusion, and bulk flow

79
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Substances cross the capillary by endocytosis/exocytosis

80
Q

Diffusions in terms of blood/interstitium exchange

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and lungs

81
Q

What does bulk flow consist of?

A

Filtration and absorption

82
Q

What does p stand for in terms of the staling equation?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

83
Q

What does (pie sign) stand for in terms of the starling equation?

A

Oncotic pressure

84
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure of water inside a system

85
Q

What is the oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure created by plasma proteins which cannot pass through the capillary wall

86
Q

What does a positive net filtration pressure favor?

A

Filtration

87
Q

What does a negative net filtration pressure favor?

A

Reabsorption

88
Q

Where does filtration predominate?

A

At the arterial end of the capillaries

89
Q

Where does reabsorption predominate?

A

At the venous end of capillaries

90
Q

What causes an accumulation of fluid in the tissues? (Edema)

A

A change that increases the rate of filtration or decreases the Rae of reabsorption

Physiology Exam 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions