Regulation of translation + transcription

Question 1

transcription factors

Answer 1

proteins that control transcription of genes by binding to specific base sequence of DNA
bind to promotor region
stimulate RNA polymerase/ inhibit RNA polymerase (prevent from binding to gene)
transcribes gene/ inhibits transcription

Question 2

RNA polymerase

Answer 2

attaches to gene being transcribed

joins free nucleotides along backbone, forming PD bonds

Question 3

oestrogen

Answer 3

diffuses into cell as it is lipid soluble
binds to binding site on receptor of transcription factor
activates binding site and changes shape of transcription factor
transcription factor enter nucleus through pores
binds to promoter gene on DNA
stimulates RNA polymerase to transcribe gene

BCN,PR,RNA

Question 4

oestrogen

Answer 4

has specific tertiary structure

is complementary to the binding site

Question 5

steroid hormones

Answer 5

work in similar way to oestrogen

Question 6

iPS cells

Answer 6

transcription factors can reprogramme cells to form iPS cells

• attach the transcription factor to a gene/ DNA promoter region
• stimulate/ inhibit transcription or RNA polymerase

Question 7

RNA inteference

Answer 7

post translational modification that occurs in the cytoplasm

genes can be silenced by destroying mRNA before coded info can be translated into a polypeptide

Question 8

small interfering RNA action

Answer 8

small double stranded molecules
bind to mRNA that has been transcribed from target genes- complementary base sequence
each siRNA is attached to a protein complex that is able to breakdown the mRNA that has been transcribed from target genes
prevents the translation of the gene

Question 9

RNA interference pathway

Answer 9

double stranded RNA broken up by an enzyme into small interfering RNA (siRNA)
one of the strands of siRNA binds to protein complex
separates the two strands of siRNA + exposes nucleotide bases
siRNA pairs with complementary bases on mRNA strand
enzyme cuts mRNA into smaller fragments
fragments cannot be translated to produce a functional protein

Question 10

drugs to stop enzymes in increased meth

Answer 10

drug binds to active site of enzyme that causes increased meth
enzyme cannot increase methylation
normal transcription factors can bind
rna poly is activated