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Immuno > Regulation of The Immune Response > Flashcards

Regulation of The Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of the Immune Response (7)

A 
Antigen 
Antibody
Idiotype anti-idiotype network
Cytokines 
Neuroendocrine regulaiton
Regulatory T-Cells 
Microbiome
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2
Q

Cooperation

A 
Dysfunction of the system could cause patho processes
3 systems:
1. NS- neurotransmitters 
2. Immune system- cytokines 
3. Endocrine system- hormone
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3
Q

Antigen: factors influencing

A 
Amount 
Quality
Presentation
Epitopes
Intake (route of admin)
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4
Q

Antigen: amount

A

Decreasing the conc will help in selection of antibody with higher affinity

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5
Q

Antigen: quality

A 
T independent 
Can be super Atg!!
Endogenous: Tc
Exogenous: processed: Atg-Th 
extracellular Atg-B-cell
Can be Atg competition
Atg aggregation
Cross-reactivity- most frequently with lipid and polysaccharide antigens
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6
Q

Comparing antigens and superantigens

A

Antigens:

  • activate T-Cells specifically
  • bound to the paratope of the TCR
  • can activate less than 0.01% of T-Cells

Superantigens:

  • activate T-Cells non-specifically
  • bound to Vbeta part of TCR
  • can activate 20-30% of T-cells
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7
Q

Antigen: Presentation

A

MHCI, MHCII, CD1

Dominant epitops

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8
Q

Antigen: Epitops

A

Conformation

Linear

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9
Q

Immune regulatory effect of antibodies

A 
Blocking of feedback mechanism
Ab-mediated suppression
BCR-Ig-Atg complex
Idiotype, allotype, isotype suppression
Maternal abs- vaccination
IVIG= intravenous Ig therapy
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10
Q

Antibody mediated Immunosuppression

A

Atg eliminated due to the immune response decreases the amount of Atg
Decreasing the Atg will also reduce the specific immune response

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11
Q

Idiotype network

A

The variable part of the Ig has 2 functions:

  • paratope: portion of antibody that recognises and binds to specific antigen
  • Idiotope: is the unique set of epitopes on the variable region of the antibody
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12
Q

Cytokines

A

Small glycoproteins
Small number of specific receptors- has large affinity to these
Regulates the immune response, transmits info
-affects the amount and isotype of antibodies
-affects the production of other cytokines
-transcription, transactivation of genes
-antagonistic, additive or synergistic effect

Effects can be: autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, endocrine, pleoitropic, redundant etc

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13
Q

Common feature of Lymphokines

A

Produced by lymphocytes
Are proteins with no Ab activity and no Atg specificity
Short half-life
Hormone-like effect- but only within a short range
Interleukin- allows for communication btw leucocytes

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14
Q

Interleukin 2 IL-2

A

Source: activated Th, maybe NK or B-Cells
Vit E increases production
Always produced together with IL-2R- autocrine and paracrine

Effect:
1.B-cell: proliferation so ab synth also increases
2.T-Cell: proliferation, cytokine production, cytotoxicity
display of Fas-FasL- ACID
Treg activation and growth
3.NK
4.Macrophage

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15
Q

Interferons

A

Type 1: plasmocytoid DC

  • IFN alpha- 20 different glycoproteins, synth by virus infected leucocytes
  • IFN beta- 1 protein, synth by virus infected fibroblasts and epithelial cells

Type 2:
-IFN gamma: immune interferon, synth by activated T-cells and NK cells

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16
Q

TNF beta

A

T-Cells!!! mainly

B-Cell and lymphotoxin alpha to a lesser degree

17
Q

TNF- Acts through receptors

A 
over 50 receptors 
Monomer, dimer and trimer receptors
Not on RBC's 
500-1000 copies on other cells 
IL-1 decreases receptor expression
IFN increases receptor expression
18
Q

TNFR-1

A

Death domain
Apoptosis
On every cell

19
Q

TNFR-2

A

On myeloid cells

Sometimes on activated T and B cells

20
Q

TNFR-3

A

Liver cells

Only binds TNF alpha

21
Q

Soluble TNF receptor molecules

A

Bind TNF outside the cell

Regulate their function

22
Q

TNF alpha: Induction

A 
LPS
Virus 
Tumour 
Toxin
C5a
IFN-gamma
IL-2
23
Q

TNF alpha: Production

A

Macrophages
CD4+ T-Cell
NK

24
Q

TNF alpha: Effect

A 
Thrombosis, vasculitis (IL-1)
Oncogen activation
Ne phagocytosis incr
Anti-tumor 
Fibroblast prolif 
B-Cell diff
Catabolism incr
25
Q

TNF alpha: uses

A

Septic shock
Cachexia
Immune modulation
Cytotoxicity

26
Q

Effect of CK on homing

A

Homing is the regulated migration of lymphocytes among blood, lymph and tissues

27
Q

Effect of CK to Acute-Phase reaction

A

Production of acute phase proteins in the liver
e.g of these proteins: protease inhibitors, coag proteins, opsonins etc

The central regulators: IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha

28
Q

Treg Cells

A

Develop in the thymus
Specific TCR- able to recognise own
Immature natural, thymus originated Treg has CD4+ and CD25+
Peripheral Treg is induced from conventional Th-cell, usually as a result of infections or tumors

29
Q

Treg cells main function

A

MAINTAIN BALANCE BTW Th1 and Th2 (microbiome)
To inhibit the activation of T-cells in the absence of an Atg
Decrease Th prolif during Atg response to prevent autoimmune disorders
Can be cytotoxic for the answering T cells- perforin and grazyme
Maintains the peripheral tolerance
Inhibit inflamm
Production of IL-10, 35 and TGF beta

30
Q

Neuroendocrine Regulation

A

Lymphoid organs are Innervated by the ANS
T and DC cells directly related to neurons in periarteriolic lymphatic sheaths
Parasym: decr inflamm
Symp: can incr or decr inflamm
Infection can trigger progression in the brain- fever, anorexia
IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha regulate stress
Endocrine system also has impact on autoimmune diseases e.g SLE and Rheumatoid arthritis
Estrogen affects development of lymphocytes and function of immune cells

31
Q

Immune system and The Microbiome

A

Enterocytes:
MAMP on the luminal side- production of non-inflamm CK antimicrobial peptides
Innate Lymphocyte 3: IL-17 prod
B-Cells: protection against bacterial invasion
T-Cells: Th17 and Treg have roles

Immuno (12 decks)

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