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Immuno > Development of the immune response > Flashcards

Development of the immune response Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the immune system

A 
Thymus 
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid tissue-- GALT and BALT
Macrophages 
Antibodies 
B and T lymphocytes
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2
Q

Cells involved in the immune response

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies against the antigenic molecule

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3
Q

Phases of the immune response

A

Afferent
Central
Efferent

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4
Q

Afferent immune response

A

Recognition
Intake
Processing

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5
Q

Central Immune response

A

Targeted protection

Activation

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6
Q

Efferent Immune response

A

Elimination

Neutralization

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7
Q

Main functions of the immune system

A

Distinguish between self and non-self

Ability to recognise and eliminate/control foreign or abnormal “self” materials

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8
Q

Foreign bodies: external

A

Taken in through mucus membrane and skin

Protection: hair, mucus, defensin, proteolytic enzymes, pH etc

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9
Q

Foreign Bodies: Internal

A

Tumors!! The immune system is the only really effective defense mechanism

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10
Q

Danger model of immunity

A

Non-invasive pathogen e.g on skin not causing tissue damage, for an immune response there needs to be tissue damage, this is the danger associated

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11
Q

Antigen (Atg)

A

Reacts with products of the specific immune response

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12
Q

Immunogen Atg

A

Induces immunity

Usually gets into the body from the outside.. but can be self-originated

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13
Q

Hapten

A

Small molecular weight
NOT immunogenic
Epitop/Atg determinant: part of the antigen that reacts with the product of the specific immune response

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14
Q

Primary Lymphoid tissues

A

Bone Marrow
Thymus
Bursa Fabricii in birds

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15
Q

Secondary Lymphoid tissues

A 
Lymph nodes 
Spleen
MALT
SALT
BALT
Tonsills 
Peyer's patches
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16
Q

Cells of the innate immune system.. rapid response (6)

A 
Macrophages 
Mast cell
Dendritic cell
Granulocytes 
NK cells 
Complement proteins
17
Q

Cells of the adaptive immunity.. slow response

A 
B cell (plasma cells)
Antibodies 
Cytokines 
T cell: can differentiate into CD4+ and CD8+
The T cells can be cytotoxic or helper
18
Q

Cells belonging to both the innate and adaptive immune system

A

Gamma alpha T cell

Natural killer T cells

19
Q

What does PRR stand for?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptor

Located on macrophages

20
Q

How to we differentiate lymphocytes

A

Based on their Cluster of Differentiation= set of monoclonal antibodies that recognise a single protein on the cell surface

21
Q

Characteristic CD’s of B-lymphocytes

A

CD23

CD19

22
Q

Characteristic CD’s of T-helpers

A

CD2
CD3
CD4
CD28

23
Q

Characteristic CD’s of cytotoxic T-cells Tc

A

CD2
CD3
CD8
CD28

24
Q

True for the reaction between the B-lymphocyte and the antigen?

A

The antigens can only bind the free epitop on the antibody, which was only produced due to the B-lymphocyte

25
Q

Antibody- Ab

Immunoglobulin Ig

A

Activated by B-lymphocytes
Produced by plasma cells
Consist of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains connected by covalent disulfide bridges
N-terminal is variable- bind the antigen specifically
C-terminal- effector mechanism

26
Q

T-cells can only bind to epitops?

A

On antigens with a linear aa structure

27
Q

Components of the First line of defense

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

28
Q

First line of defense: physical barrier

A

Skin, mm, hair, feathers, mucus
Movements: palpebral reflex, peristlasis, retroperistlasis
Desquamation: skin, intestine
Flushing: saliva, tear, urine, sweating

29
Q

First line of defense: Chemical barrier

A 
Lysozymes
Defensins
Proteolytic enzymes: pepsin, trypsin
Surfactants 
pH: 
skin-- 5.5
stomach: 1.2--3
vagina: 4.5
pus: 5.5--6
pancreatic fluid: 8
30
Q

First line of defense: Biological protection

A

Microbiome

31
Q

First line if defense, specifically Defensins

A 
Cysteine rich
18-45 aa's 
Positive charge
Pierce the membrane 
NB in newborns 
Can be alpha beta and theta
32
Q

What is an important defese in the ear?

A

Cerumen (earwax)

33
Q

Enterotypes of the microbiome

A

Prevotella
Bacteroides- fiber
Ruminococcus- sugar

34
Q

Bacteria involved in COPD and the microbiome

A

L.lactis
S. pneumoniae
P. aeroginosa

35
Q

COPD: L.lactis

A

Stimulates IL-10

This activates weak signals- Th3 and T reg

36
Q

COPD: S. pneumoniae and P. aeroginosa

A

Stimulates an array of immune cells- IL-1, IL-6, CCL1, CCL2, defensins
This activates dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages

Immuno (12 decks)

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