Inflammation

Question 1

Pillars of Inflammation

Answer 1

Heat
Redness 
Swelling 
Pain
Loss of Function

Question 2

Anaphylatoxins

Answer 2

Small, dissolved components that have chemotactic and cell activation properties

Question 3

Plasma Enzyme Systems: Substitutional Opportunities

Answer 3

C3- Thrombin
Prothrombin- MASP
Properdin- Plasminogen
Plasmin- C1 complex activation
XIIa- HMWK*

*High Molecular Weight Kininogen

Question 4

Inflamm and mast cells

Answer 4

The mast cells are attracted to the damaged tissue- release Histamine which can diffuse into the capillaries

Question 5

Extravasation of Leucocytes: Normal

Answer 5

Normal blood flow, leucocytes in axial flow

Question 6

Extravasation of Leucocytes: Margination

Answer 6

Slowing of the flow of blood, leucocytes no longer in axial flow

Question 7

Extravasation of Leucocytes: Rolling

Answer 7

TNF stim endothelial cells to express E-Selectins

Hist and PAF stim the expression of P-Selectins

Question 8

Extravasation of Leucocytes: Adhesion

Answer 8

TNF mediates expression of ICAM and VCAM

Leucocytes tightly adhere to the endothelium

Question 9

Extravasation of Leucocytes: Emigration

Answer 9

Mediated by other adhesion molecules and a chemotactic gradient
Emigration of Ne

Question 10

Formation of the Cellular exudate

Answer 10

1. The normally inactive endothelium has to be activated to allow for the adhesion of neutrophils
2. Normally inactive Ne have to be activated- adhesion, emigration, phagocytosis, bacterial killing, generation of inflamm mediators
3. Acc of Ne in the EC space– EDEMA! v characteristic
4. Need to maintan supply of Ne, growth factors stim division of myeloid precursors in BM

Question 11

Important Ne chemotactic factors

Answer 11

C5a, C3a
Fibrin, Fibrinopeptides
Bacterial components
IL-8

Question 12

Important eosinophil chemotactic factors

Answer 12

Histamine

IL-5

Question 13

Important monocyte chemotactic factors

Answer 13

MCP-1 through MCP-5
C3a, C5a
Fibrinopeptides
PDGF

MCP= monocyte chemoattractant protein
PDGF= platelet derived growth factor

Question 14

What is chemotaxis

Answer 14

Movement of leucocytes from lumen of blood vessels into a damaged area

Question 15

Adhesion of microorganisms: the cell receptors

the example given is Francisella

Answer 15

Fc gamma R
CR3
SRA
MR
SE-N (EF-Tu)

Question 16

Fc gamma receptor

Answer 16

Delayed FCP acidification and escape (2-4hrs)
ROS production
Proinflamm cytokine production
Some cytosolic production

Question 17

CR3 and SRA

Answer 17

Delayed FCP acidification and escape (2-4hrs)

Some cytosolic replication

Question 18

MR and SE-N

Answer 18

Rapid acidification of the FCP (15-30mins)
Rapid FCP escape
Good cytosolic replication

Question 19

Give examples of microbes with carb containing mannose

Answer 19

Candida albicans
Strep
Salmonella

Question 20

The Acute phase reaction

Answer 20

IL-6 stimulates the LIVER to produce
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Serum amyloid protein (SAP)
Fibrinogen
Mannose binding lectin/protein (MBL,MBP)
Complement factors

Question 21

CK and inflammation

Answer 21

CKs are released from cells of innate immune system when pathogen enters the body
Development of inflamm, APC, activation and differentiation of Atg specific lymphocytes
Produce interferons, inflamm chemokines, and an array of inflamm cytokines

Question 22

Some examples of cells that can produce CK

Answer 22

Monocytes 
Mononuclear phagocytes 
Gamma delta T-cell
Mast cells 
Fibroblasts 
Endothelial cells

Question 23

What are the cytokines that CK can produce

Answer 23

IL-1,6,8,10,12

TNF alpha and beta