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Physiology I > Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What two group of cells are found in the Medullary Respiratory Centers?

A

Dorsal (inspiratory mostly) and Ventral (inspiratory and expiratory neurons) Respiratory Group

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2
Q

Respiration (particularly rhythmicity) is under neural control of the __ . It does not reside in lungs or respiratory muscles!!

A

brain

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3
Q

The _____ Complex is located at the rostral end of the ventral respiratory group (VRG). It is thought to contain neurons involved in respiratory rhythm-generating processes.

A

Pre-Botzinger Complex

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4
Q

What two centers are located in the Pontine Respiratory Centers?

A

1) Apneustic Center
2) Pneumotaxic Center

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5
Q

What center in the Pontine Respiratory center prolongs inspiratory effort by providing an excitatory input to inspiratory muscles within the pre-Botzinger Complex

A

Apneustic Center

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6
Q

___ and ____ Centers have antagonistic actions, but work to produce smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration. They also find tune activity of the medullary respiratory centers

A

Apneusic and Pneumotaxic Centers

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7
Q

Rhythmic respiratory activity is primarily an instinctual or ____ process

A

autonomic

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8
Q

The fact that breathing can be voluntarily altered is evidence that the ___ can modify activity of brainstem neurons

A

cortex

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9
Q

The ________Solitarius is an important autonomic integrative center within the brainstem

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

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10
Q

DRG neurons are located in what portion of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?

A

ventrolateral

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11
Q

What two structures project to the lateral regions of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?

A

1) Peripheral chemoreceptors
2) Pulmonary stretch receptors

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12
Q

What type of receptors projects to the dorsolateral and medial portion of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?

A

Arterial baroreceptors

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

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14
Q

What nerve innervates the external intercostal muscle?

A

Intercostal nerve

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15
Q

Neural impulses from inspiratory neurons in the medullary respiratory centers synapse on the cell bodies of _____ motor neurons

A

respiratory

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16
Q

What are the effects of activation of inspiratory neurons in brainstem?

A

1) Motor neurons connected to inspiratory muscles are activated
2) Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
3) Inspiratory effort

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17
Q

Expiratory neurons are connected within the brainstem to muscles of active expiration, such as ___ and ___

A

abdominal muscles and intercostal muscles

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18
Q

Under what three conditions are the motor neurons connected to the expiratory muscles activated?

A

1) exercise
2) forced expiration
3) hyperventilation

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19
Q

A ____ is a receptor that responds to a change in the chemical composition of the blood or other fluid

A

chemoreceptor

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20
Q

What type of receptor responds to specific changes in chemical composition of blood (PaO2) and sends afferent impulses to lateral NTS in the medulla?

A

Arterial chemoreceptors

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21
Q

The carotid body chemoreceptor afferents travel via the CN __

A

9 (glossopharyngeal)

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22
Q

The aortic body chemoreceptor afferents travel via the ___ nerve

A

vagus CN 10

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23
Q

True or False: The peripheral chemoreceptors play a minute-by-minute control of respiration

A

False
The peripheral chemoreceptors do not play a minute-by-minute control of respiration and only really function when PaO2 falls dangerous low

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24
Q

When PaO2 falls below 60 mmHg, respiratory centers within brain stem are stimulated by signals originating from the ____ chemoreceptors to increase ___

A

peripheral ; ventilation

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25
Q

True or False: Arterial chemoreceptors also response to increases in PaCO2 and decreases in pHa, causing a decrease in ventilation

A

False
Arterial chemoreceptors also response to increases in PaCO2 and decreases in pHa, causing a INCREASE in ventilation
(this effect is less important than that of the central chemoreceptors)

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26
Q

Carotid body chemoreceptors contain glomus cells of two types: Type I cells have large vesicles containing ___ and are in close opposition to the endings of the carotid sinus nerve, a branch of CN IX

A

dopamine

27
Q

Carotid body chemoreceptors contain glomus cells of two types: Type II cells do not contain vesicles with ____.

A

dopamine

28
Q

How does a decrease in PaO2 affect firing rate along the carotid sinus nerve?

A

When PaO2 decreases, firing rate along carotid increases

29
Q

What is the stimulus for the increases discharge rate?

A

Partial pressure of O2 (not oxygen content!) in the arterial blood

30
Q

Why does anemia not stimulate ventilation?

A

Because, even though O2 content declines, arterial PO2 is normal

31
Q

How does declining arterial PO2 affect the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated when PaO2 falls below 60 mmHg

32
Q

How does declining arterial PO2 affect the central chemoreceptors?

A

No direct effect (however - severe hypoxia depresses neuronal activity of all brain tissues, including respiratory centers)

33
Q

How does elevated arterial PCO2 affect the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Weakly stimulates

34
Q

How does elevated arterial PCO2 affect the central chemoreceptors?**

A

Strongly stimulates; is the primary respiratory signal

35
Q

How does elevated arterial H+ affect peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Stimulates - important for acid-base balance

36
Q

How does elevated arterial H+ affect central chemoreceptors? *

A

Does not effect because cannot cross BBB

37
Q

Which receptors are the most important for minute by minute control of ventilation?

A

Central chemoreceptors

38
Q

What occurs if H+ or dissolved CO2 is applied to the brain ECF that bathes the central chemoreceptors?

A

Breathing is stimulated

39
Q

How does increasing arterial PCO2 affect PCO2 of the CSF surrounding the brain

A

Elevates it

40
Q

When blood PCO2 rises, CO2 diffuses into the brain CSF then dissociates and causes an increase in ___ in the CSF, leading to low pH. That molecule then diffuses from the CSF into ECF. The decrease ECF pH stimulates ____ chemoreceptors, which, in turn, stimulates ____ receptor center to increase ventilation. This hyperventilation will blow off excess CO2 and the arterial PCO2 (CSF/ECF pH) will return to normal

A

central chemoreceptors; medullary respiratory centers

41
Q

What process will be inhibited if there is an increase in local ECF pH (produced by decreased CSF PCO2)?

A

Ventilation

42
Q

What process will blow off CO2, decrease PaCO2, and then CSF PCO2 and increase the pH of the ECF surrounding the central chemoreceptors, temporarily reducing urge to breathe?

A

hyperventilation

43
Q

What are the three types of pulmonary receptors?

A

1) Pulmonary stretch receptors
2) Irritant receptors
3) J receptors

44
Q

____ receptors are located within the smooth muscle of lung airways. They are activated by stretching of lungs during inspiration.

A

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

45
Q

Towards the end of inspiration, AP’s from the pulmonary stretch receptors travel to the medullary respiration centers to inhibit further activity of inspiratory neurons. This negative feedback mechanism is known as _______

A

Breuer-Hering Reflex

46
Q

What reflect acts to cut inspiration short before lungs get over inflated?

A

Breuer-Hering Reflex

47
Q

What receptors lie between epithelial cells are are stimulated by noxious gases, which reflexively produce shallow breathing and bronchoconstriction?

A

Irritant receptors

48
Q

What type of receptors are situated in the lung interstitium near alveolar capillaries and are excited by interstitial edema in lung

A

Pulmonary J Receptors

49
Q

Stimulation of _______ fibers activates J reflex, which causes laryngeal closure and apnea, followed by rapid and shallow breathing.

A

Pulmonary C FIbers

50
Q

True or False:
Pulmonary C fibers may be responsible for rapid breathing seen in patients with pulmonary embolus, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia.

A

True

51
Q

_____ is when the pulmonary ventilation is less than what is needed to meet body’s metabolic requirements for O2 delivery and CO2 removal. This will result in hypercapnia and decrease in alveolar PO2.

A

Hypoventilation

52
Q

During the process of ____, CO2 accumulation occurs as O2 deficit occurs because both O2 and Co2 exchange at lungs are equally affected

A

Hypoventilation

53
Q

Increased ventilation that matches an increase in metabolic demands, such as exercise, is known as ___

A

hyperpnea

54
Q

During steady state exercise ___ and ___ remain constant with increase in gas exchange keeping pace with increase in O2 consumption and CO2 production

A

PaO2 and PaCO2

55
Q

True or False
Hyperventilation is synonomous with increased ventilation

A

False

56
Q

____is an increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceeds the body’s need for removal of CO2. Thus, Co2 is blown off into the atm and PaCO2 and PACO2 will ____

A

Hyperventilation; decrease

57
Q

Hypocapnia refers to below normal value for ___

A

PCO2

58
Q

What is the most important factor in control of ventilation?

A

PCO2 of the arterial blood

59
Q

An increase in ___ will increase ventilation

A

PaCO2

60
Q

At any level of PO2, raising ____ will increase ventilation. The body is more sensitive to decrease in PO2 when it is also ___

A

PCO2; hypercapnic

61
Q

Decreasing PO2 while PaCO2 is kept constant will ___ ventilation. However, at normal PCO2, the PO2 can be reduced to about 60 before any increase in ventilation occurs.

A

increase

62
Q

True or False: Since PO2 can be far below its normal level of 100 mmHg without evoking a ventilatory response, role of hypoxia in minute by minute control of ventilation is small

A

True

63
Q

True or False: At any level of PaCO2, there will be an additional increase in ventilation when PO2 is decrease

A

True

64
Q

What will the two effects of lower PO2 below 100 mmHg be?

A

1) Greater ventilation at any given level of PCO2
2) At lower PO2’s, there will be greater increase in ventilation by every 1 mmHg increase in PCO2

Physiology I (5 decks)

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