Regulation of Reproduction

Question 1

hormone

Answer 1

organic chem compound produced by specialized cells

goes into the circulation to inhibit or stimulate a response of another organ or tissue

Question 2

exocrine gland

Answer 2

gland secretes contents to surface via lumen or duct

Question 3

endocrine gland

Answer 3

ductless gland secretes content into circulation

Question 4

autocrine

Answer 4

cellular secretion where cell or tissue realizing the hormone has receptors for same hormone and allows hormone to effect cell that produced it

Question 5

endocrine

Answer 5

cellular secretion hormone secreted acts on cell/tissue at another location within body

most common

Question 6

paracrine

Answer 6

cellular secretion where hormone acts on adjacent cells

Question 7

half life

Answer 7

time it takes for half of hormone to leave body

Question 8

what are the two types of neural reflexes

Answer 8

1. simple neural reflex
   - communication = direct along nerve cells/ secretions of neurotransmitters directly to target tissues
   - high speed
   - transient action
   - pinpoint accuracy on target tissue
2. Neuroendocrine control
   - communication = direct along synapse with hypothalamic neurons, secretions of neurohormones into blood instead of on target tisses
   - slower
   - short acting
   - accurate on target tissue with specific receptors

Question 9

what is the endocrine reflex

Answer 9

endocrine control

• communication = hormones produced by endorcrine glands secreted into circulation
• slowest
• sustained over time
• very accurate

Question 10

what does the hypothalamus control

Answer 10

production/secretion of releasing hormones

sexual activity

hunger/thirst

emotions

body temp

Question 11

functions of hypothalamus

Answer 11

primary regulator of repro functions

interaction with pituitary gland to regulate repro and secrete GnRH

(not as important) groups of neurons with similar functions called nuclei

Question 12

how does the hypothalamus stimulates the surge and tonic center

Answer 12

surge (female only)- stimulated once per cycle

tonic (both female and male)- stimulated constantly

Question 13

hormones released from hypothalamus

Answer 13

GnRH
Growth hormone Releasing hormone (GHRH)
somatostatin (inhibits growth)

oxytocin produced by paraventricular nuclei
vasopressin produced by supraoptic nuclei

Question 14

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Answer 14

secretes FSH, LH, and prolactin

communicated with hypothalamus through hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (sim to panpiniform plexus)
-this allows GnRH to enter directly into AP

Question 15

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Answer 15

composed of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

axons extend through stalk and terminate in lobe

neurohormones released directly into PP
-oxytocin, vasopressin

Question 16

what are defining characteristics of repro hormones

Answer 16

• act in minute quantities
• half life influences biological activity (usually short)
• exert a response through binding to certain receptors
• regulate cellular activity
• doesn’t take very much to cause an effect

Question 17

what affects hormone potency

Answer 17

• half life of hormone
• receptor numbers in cells
• receptor affinity for hormone (ability to hang on to hormone)

Question 18

what is the…
1. source of hormones

2. biochemical composistion
3. mode of action

Answer 18

1. the site of production
2. structure and size
3. • nuerohormones (oxytocin and vasopressin)
   • releasing hormones (GnRH)
   • primary hormone of repro (FSH, LH, E2, P4)
   • metabolic (insulin, thyroxin, growth hormone)

Question 19

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 19

Bio Chem Classification: neuropeptide

source: hypothalamic

Male/female target tissue: anterior pituitary (gonadotroph cells)

binding site: membrane

primary function: release FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

Secondary messenger: Calcium

Question 20

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 20

Bio Chem Classification: Glycoprotein

source: anterior pituitary

male target tissue: testis (interstitial cells of Leydig)
female target tissue: ovary (theca interna -luteal cells)

binding site: membrane

functions:

• stimulates testosterone production
• stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

secondary messenger: cAMP

Question 21

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 21

bio chem class: glycoprotein

source: anterior pituitary

male target tissue: testis (Sertoli cells)
female target tissue: ovary (granulosa cells)

binding site: membrane

Function: Sertoli cell function
follicular development and estradiol synthesis

secondary messenger: cAMP

Question 22

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 22

bio chem classification: protein

source: anterior pituitary

male target tissue: testis and brain

female target tissue: mammary cells, corpus luteum in some species (rat mouse)

Question 23

oxytocin (OT)

Answer 23

bio chem class: neuropeptide

source: synthesized in hypothalamus stored and released in posterior pituitary, also synthesized by corpus luteum

male target tissue: smooth muscle of epididymal tail, vas deferens, ampulla

female target tissue: myometrium and endometrium of uterus, myoepithelial cells of mammary gland

binding site: membrane

secondary messenger: calcium

Question 24

Estradiol (E2)

Answer 24

bio chem class: steroid

source: granulosa cells of follicle, and Sertoli cells of testis

male target tissue: brain (inhibits long bone growth)

female target tissue: hypothalmus, entire repro tract and mammary gland

binding site: nuclear/membrane

function: sexual behavior, GnRH, elevated secretory activity of the entire female tract, enhanced uterine motility

secondary messenger: cAMP if membrane

Question 25

Progesterone (P4)

Answer 25

bio chem class: steroid

source: corpus luteum and placenta

no male target tissue

female target tissue: uterine endometrium, mammary gland, myometrium, hypothalmus

binding site: membrane/nuclear

Function: none in male
- endometrial secretion, inhibits reproductive behavior, promotes maintenance of pregnancy

secondary messenger: cAMP

Question 26

testosterone (T)

Answer 26

bio chem class: steroid

source: Leydig cells, theca interna cells of female

male target tissue: accessory sex glands, tunica dartos , seminiferous epithelium, skeletal muscle

female target tissue: brain, skeletal muscle, granulosa cells

binding site: nuclear/membrane

function:
- male: anabolic growth, promotes spermatogenesis, promotes secretion of accessory sex glands
- female: substrate for E2 synthesis, abdnormal masculinization (hair patterns, voice, behavior)

secondary messenger = cAMP if membrane

Question 27

inhibin

Answer 27

bio chem class: glycoprotein

source: granulosa cells (female), Sertoli cells (male)

male/female target tissue: gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary

Question 28

prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a)

Answer 28

bio chem class: prostaglandin

source: uterine endometrium, vesicular glands

male target tissue: epididymis

female target tissue: corpus luteum, uterine myometrium, ovulatory follicules

binding site: membrane

function:

• male: affects metabolic activity of spermatozoa, causes epididymal contractions
• female: luteolysis, promotes uterine tone and contraction, ovulation

secondary messenger: calcium