Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Flashcards
What is the function of RNA polymerase I?
Transcribe genes encoding the production of ribosomal subunits
What is the function of RNA polymerase II?
Transcribe all protein-coding genes and a few non protein-coding genes
What are housekeeping genes?
Genes that are expressed in all cell types and encode proteins essential for universal cell function
How is eukaryotic transcriptional control exerted?
Cis-acting DNA enhancer elements bind specific trans-acting transcription factors
What does the binding of trans-acting factors to cis-acting DNA sequences next to a gene stabilise?
This stabilises interactions between general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II with the corresponding promoter
What type of transcription factors do steroid hormones bind to that regulate specific gene regulation?
Nuclear hormone receptors
Trans-acting transcription factors bind to cis-acting DNA sequences in…
Chromatin
What is chromatin?
- Mixture of DNA and histones
- Building blocks of chromatin are nucleosomes
How many base pairs per nucleosome?
146 base pairs
How can nucleosome affect gene transcription?
Nucleosomes can be covalently modified
Chromatin structure
DNA wrapped twice around histone permits efficient packaging but difficult for transcription factors to find target genes
Chromatin structure makes it hard for transcription factors to find target genes, how is this resolved?
- Chromatin remodelling factors
2. Covalent modification of DNA and histones
What acts as a flag for remodelling?
Acetylation of lysine
How do chromatin remodelling factors work?
Coil and uncoil chromatin fibres
Move histone along DNA
Methylation in CpG dinucleotides…
Switches off genes