Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase I?

A

Transcribe genes encoding the production of ribosomal subunits

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2
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase II?

A

Transcribe all protein-coding genes and a few non protein-coding genes

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3
Q

What are housekeeping genes?

A

Genes that are expressed in all cell types and encode proteins essential for universal cell function

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4
Q

How is eukaryotic transcriptional control exerted?

A

Cis-acting DNA enhancer elements bind specific trans-acting transcription factors

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5
Q

What does the binding of trans-acting factors to cis-acting DNA sequences next to a gene stabilise?

A

This stabilises interactions between general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II with the corresponding promoter

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6
Q

What type of transcription factors do steroid hormones bind to that regulate specific gene regulation?

A

Nuclear hormone receptors

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7
Q

Trans-acting transcription factors bind to cis-acting DNA sequences in…

A

Chromatin

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8
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • Mixture of DNA and histones

- Building blocks of chromatin are nucleosomes

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9
Q

How many base pairs per nucleosome?

A

146 base pairs

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10
Q

How can nucleosome affect gene transcription?

A

Nucleosomes can be covalently modified

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11
Q

Chromatin structure

A

DNA wrapped twice around histone permits efficient packaging but difficult for transcription factors to find target genes

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12
Q

Chromatin structure makes it hard for transcription factors to find target genes, how is this resolved?

A
  1. Chromatin remodelling factors

2. Covalent modification of DNA and histones

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13
Q

What acts as a flag for remodelling?

A

Acetylation of lysine

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14
Q

How do chromatin remodelling factors work?

A

Coil and uncoil chromatin fibres

Move histone along DNA

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15
Q

Methylation in CpG dinucleotides…

A

Switches off genes

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16
Q

What does the linker histone H1 do?

A

Fix nucleosomes into position for compaction

17
Q

What is the downside of the linker histone H1?

A

It limits accessibility of genes for transcription

18
Q

Example of epigenetic changes in an organism

A

Tortoiseshell cats

19
Q

Three regulatory steps of post-transcriptional controls on gene expression

A
  1. Control of splicing
  2. Control of 5’ capping and adenylation
  3. mRNA translation
20
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

Removal of introns then ligation of consecutive exons

21
Q

How is sex determined in Drosophila?

A

RNA splicing

22
Q

RNA splicing in Drosophila

A

Females have transformer protein –> activates spicing

Males, splice site inactive so intron remains unspliced

23
Q

Is splicing activated in male or female Drosophila?

A

Females

24
Q

What is the 5’ cap?

A

Methylated guanine residue that is added to the first nucleotide of every eukaryotic mRNA

25
Q

What is the 5’ cap required for?

A

Initiating translation and also limits degradation

26
Q

Regulation of translation of mRNA coding for ferritin

A

Regulated by [iron]
Low [iron]: hair pin formed in ferritin mRNA by H bonds and aconite binds –> inhibits translation
High [iron]: aconite dissociates and binds to excess iron –> translation of ferritin mRNA can occur

27
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Iron storage protein found in blood

28
Q

How does a low free iron concentration affect ferritin mRNA translation?

A

Hair pin formed in ferritin mRNA by H bonds and aconitase binds –> inhibits translation