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Biochem exam 2 > Regulation of Carbohydrate/Fat Metabolism and Exercise Effects > Flashcards

Regulation of Carbohydrate/Fat Metabolism and Exercise Effects Flashcards

1
Q

What body systems does exercise involve?

A

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and immune system

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2
Q

exercise causes:

A

-increased breathing & heart rate
-increased contraction of muscles

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3
Q

what is caused by increased breathing and heart rate?

A

provides increased O2 and nutrients, eliminate CO2 and metabolic waste products, transport hormones, maintain body temperature and acid-base balance

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4
Q

what happens with increased muscle contraction?

A

in response to demand, muscles change in ability to extract O2, choose energy sources and eliminate metabolic waste

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5
Q

Steps of skeletal muscle contraction:

A

-action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction
-motor neuron is signalled to release Ach
-Ach is released and binds to receptors on muscle cells
-Na ion channels opening leading to action potential in sarcolemma
-action potential travels along T-tubules
-Ca release from SR into cytosol
-Ca binds to troponin, exposing the myosin binding site on actin filament
-myosin binds to the actin to make a cross bridge
-myosin pulls and then detaches from actin (small pulls at a time)
-keeps attaching pulling and then detaching

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6
Q

What is the cross bridge cycle?

A

-myosin binds to actin with ADP & phosphate molecule
-myosin pulls its head back & releases ADP and phosphate molecule
-ADP turns to ATP and binds to myosin causing it to detach from actin
-ATP–>ADP & phosphate molecule and myosin can rebind and pull again

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7
Q

What regulates muscle contraction?

A

Ca and ATP

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8
Q

what happens if there is no ATP available during muscle contraction?

A

myosin cannot detach from actin
*causes rigidity in muscle

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9
Q

Is there only one cross bridge during a muscle contraction?

A

No. There are many myosin heads on the thick filament
-many cross bridges form and break continuously during muscle contraction
-multiple sarcomeres in one myofibril, multiple myofibrils in one muscle fiber, and multiple muscle fibers in one muscle

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10
Q

What is muscle strength directly related to?

A

the amount of myofibrils and sarcomeres within each fiber

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11
Q

Type 1 fibers

A

-slow twitch
-redder in color due to increase in myoglobin
-many mitochondria
-surrounded by more capillaries
-aerobic metabolism for high resistance to fatigue
-postural muscles and used for endurance
-uses aerobic metabolism to make ATP

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12
Q

Type 2 fibers

A

-fast twitch

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13
Q

Type 2A fibers

A

-fast oxidative fibers
-hybrid of 1 and 2 fibers
-use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to make ATP

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14
Q

Type 2B fibers

A

-fast glycolytic fibers
-white in color
-low levels of myoglobin
-few mitochondria
-anaerobic metabolism to make ATP

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15
Q

more myosin cross-bridges=

A

greater force

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16
Q

which muscle type has more myosin cross bridges?

A

type 2

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17
Q

Are muscles just made of one type of fiber?

A

No, most muscles are a combination of the two types
-genetics and training can influence the composition

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18
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

loss of muscle mass with age

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19
Q

What is atrophy?

A

muscle loss due to disuse

20
Q

Sources of ATP required for muscle contraction:

A

Glycogenolysis, glycolysis, Krebs (TCA) cycle and respiration, and fatty acid oxidation

21
Q

What is glycogen?

A

glycoprotein that has a core of glycogenin
-highly branched structure made of glucose molecules connected through 1,6- and 1,4-glycosidic bonds

22
Q

How is glycogen broken down?

A

*glycogenolysis
-terminal residue is released as glucose-1-phosphate
-converted into glucose 6-phosphate
-glycogen structure affects the rate at which glucose can be released and used for fuel

23
Q

advantages to glycogen branching

A

-allows for better solubility
-allow molecule to fit in smaller spaces
-multiple glucose can be released at the same time

24
Q

How many molecules of ATP and pyruvate are made with each molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 pyruvate

25
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid

26
Q

what does lactic acid contribute to when it accumulates?

A

muscle fatigue

27
Q

Why is it necessary that pyruvate be turned into lactate?

A

to make NAD+ to go electron transport chain

28
Q

How many ATP can one molecule of glucose make?

A

32

29
Q

What determines the capacity of a muscle to do long term heavy exercise?

A

muscle glycogen

30
Q

What can affect the amount of glycogen?

A

diet
-high in carbs before strenuous exercise

31
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

the process of turning lactate back to glucose in the liver
(gluconeogenesis)

32
Q

How are fatty acids stored most commonly in the body?

A

triglycerides

33
Q

kcal/g of fat yield from oxidation

A

9

34
Q

kcal/g of carb yield from oxidation

A

4

35
Q

how much more energy is stored in fat than glycogen?

A

6x as much

36
Q

muscles burning fatty acids must do so….

A

aerobically
*slower than burning glucose anaerobically & using Cori cycle

37
Q

What is acetyl CoA made into if there are not enough metabolites for the Kreb’s cycle?

A

ketones

38
Q

What are the 4 steps of beta oxidation?

A

oxidation
hydration
oxidation
thiolysis
*2 C’s removed each cycle

39
Q

How many ATP can be made by the oxidation of one palmitate?

A

106

40
Q

Energy providers during the first hour of exercise?

A

50% from glycogen, 25% from triglycerides, and 25% from free fatty acids

41
Q

Energy provider during the second hour of exercise?

A

glycogen and triglycerides are being depleted faster than they can be replaced
-blood glucose and free fatty acids provide greater percentage

42
Q

Energy provider during hour three of exercise?

A

over 70% comes from blood glucose and free fatty acids

43
Q

Energy provider after 4 hours of exercise?

A

over 90% of energy made by blood glucose and free fatty acid
-triglycerides provide less than 10%

44
Q

What does erythriopoietin do?

A

increases the production of RBC
-this is what Lance Armstrong used to be a fake ass cheater

45
Q

Which of the following produced during anaerobic glycolysis?

A

lactate

Biochem exam 2 (9 decks)

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