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Biochem exam 2 > Overview of Hemostatic Systems > Flashcards

Overview of Hemostatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

hemostatic system

A

system designed to keep an individual from bleeding

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2
Q

3 main stages of the hemostatic system

A
  1. vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  2. formation of a platelet plug
  3. blood clotting which reinforces the platelet plug with a fibrin mesh
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3
Q

how is blood maintained in a fluid state?

A

balance b/w procoagulant and anticoagulant forces

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4
Q

what does the endocrine mechanism do? (in relation to hemostasis)

A

increases blood volume following a tissue injury

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5
Q

what does the neural mechanism do? (in relation to hemostasis)

A

increases cardiac output and increases blood pressure following a tissue injury

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6
Q

tissue injury leads to…

A

decreased blood pressure and blood volume

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7
Q

vasoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscle cells of vessel walls to restrict the loss/flow of blood at site of injury

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8
Q

what triggers the reflexive contraction of vascular smooth muscle?

A

sympathetic nerves

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9
Q

serotonin

A

made and released by platelets and at NMJs

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10
Q

2 actions of serotonin

A
  1. direct action as vasoconstrictor when present in high concentrations @ sites of injury
  2. indirectly, can act as a vasodilator when stimulates nitric oxide release
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11
Q

endothelin-1

A

made and released by damaged endothelial cells

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12
Q

what happens when endothelin-1 is overexpressed?

A

can contribute to high BP and heart disease

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13
Q

histamine

A

binds to 1 of 4 different histamine G-protein coupled receptors

located in GI, uterus, lung, and vascular smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

histamine actions

A

causes vasodilation of vasculature
causes vasoconstriction of alveolar airways

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15
Q

prostacyclin (PGI2)

A

a prostaglandin or eicosanoid

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16
Q

prostacyclin (PGI2) actions

A

inhibits platelet activation
vasodilator
-cause more blood flow

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17
Q

thromboxane A2

A

made and released by activated platelets and endothelial cells
a prostaglandin

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18
Q

thromboxane A2 actions

A

stimulates activation of new platelets & increases platelet aggregation
vasoconstrictor

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19
Q

thromboxane A2 half-life

A

30 sec- SUPER SHORT
limits action to near site of an injury

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20
Q

drugs should be undetectable after how many half-lives?

A

5

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21
Q

constrictor influences do what?

A

increase vascular tone

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22
Q

dilator influences do what?

A

decrease vascular tone

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23
Q

vascular tone should be…

A

balanced

do not want vascular tone changing all the time

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24
Q

what happens if you have chronically low blood volume?

A

body adjusts- constricts more to keep the blood pressure in normal range

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25
Q

cell stressors facilitate the formation of…

A

prostaglandins

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26
Q

prostaglandin formation

A
  1. constitutive and inducive enzymes produce prostaglandin through PGH2
  2. cell-specific isomers are formed
  3. cell-specific isomers will act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors depending on where you are in the body
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27
Q

where is blood made?

A

bone marrow

28
Q

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell can become….

A

any of the blood cells needed by the body

29
Q

what forms platelets?

A

megakaryocytes

30
Q

macrophage function

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
&
antigen presentation

31
Q

macrophage

A

-present in almost all tissues
-mature form of monocytes
-orchestrate immune responses & help induce inflammation

32
Q

neutrophils function

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

33
Q

neutrophils

A

-primary cells recruited into site of acute inflammation

34
Q

mast cells function

A

release of granules containing histamine and active agents

35
Q

what is histamine derived from?

A

histadine

36
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of erythrocytes

37
Q

stem cell for production of erythrocytes

A

hemocytoblasts

38
Q

where does hematopoiesis take place during prenatal?

A

-liver
-spleen
-yolk sac

39
Q

which bones are typically involved in hematopoiesis?

A

big bones –> more marrow

40
Q

platelets are also called…

A

thrombocytes

41
Q

are platelets true cells?

A

no
they do not have a nucleus

42
Q

platelets are normally kept in what state?

A

inactive

43
Q

platelets are _____ with different kinds of signaling molecules

A

rich

44
Q

signaling molecules contained in platelets

A

-coagulation factors
-adhesion molecules
-chemokines
-regulators of growth & angiogenesis
-immunological molecules

45
Q

what is the “first responder”?

A

platelets

46
Q

how quickly does a platelet plug form?

A

within 2-4 minutes

47
Q

inflammation

A

body’s process of fighting against things that harm it in an attempt to heal itself

48
Q

too much inflammation can cause….

A

many problems

49
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

-pain
-heat
-redness
-swelling
-loss of function

50
Q

examples of acute inflammation

A

-allergic reaction
-burns
-infection
-cuts
-trauma injury

51
Q

examples of chronic inflammation

A

-diseases (cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune)
-cancer
-rheumatoid arthritis

52
Q

acute inflammation

A

generally helpful

53
Q

chronic inflammation

A

generally unhelpful

54
Q

3 major components of acute inflammation

A
  1. vascular changes- increased blood flow (vasodilation), increased vascular permeability
  2. cellular events- migration of leukocytes into the site of injury
  3. mediators- derived from plasma cells and proteins
55
Q

healing cascade

A
  1. inflammation (48h post injury)
  2. proliferation (3-10 days post injury)
  3. remodeling (21 days post injury)
56
Q

exudate

A

high protein
>1.02

57
Q

transudate

A

low protein- albumin
<1.01
increased hydrostatic pressure & decreased osmotic pressure

58
Q

pus

A

enriched in neutrophils

59
Q

type I hypersensitivity disease

A

anaphylactic
*very quick

ex: allergies

60
Q

type II hypersensitivity disease

A

antibody-dependent

cell membrane antigens can be altered to “non-self”

61
Q

type III hypersensitivity disease

A

immune complex type

often cause tissue damage

62
Q

type IV hypersensitivity disease

A

cell-mediated
*delayed response

ex: graft rejection, TB

63
Q

most common drug that fights inflammation

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

64
Q

NSAIDs

A

relieve pain & reduce swelling (inflammation)

ex: aspirin, ibuprofen

65
Q

corticosteroids

A

highly effective at reducing inflammation bc they are similar to cortisol (hormone produced by adrenal glands)
*suppress the activity of a person’s immune system

Biochem exam 2 (9 decks)

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