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Physiology - Principles > Regulation of Body Temperature - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Regulation of Body Temperature - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What components of our bodies must be kept within narrow homoeostatic ranges? (5)

A

Pressures and volumes

Body Temperature

Concentration of nutrients e.g. glucose

Concentration of O2 and CO2

concentration of waste products e.g. urea

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2
Q

In terms of temperature control, how can the body be divided?

A

Core

Outer Shell

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3
Q

What is the outer shell composed of? (2)

A

Skin

Subcutaneous Tissue

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4
Q

How is the Core Temperature maintained?

A

By Homoeostasis - Involving a negative feedback system

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5
Q

What is a normal Core body temperature?

A

37.8°C

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6
Q

What happens to the Core Body temperature in environmental changes?

A

The Core Temperature is kept constant (37.8°C)

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7
Q

What is Normothermia?

A

The normal core body temperature (normothermia) is optimum for cellular metabolism and function

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8
Q

What does increased body temperature do?

A

Increase cellular metabolism

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9
Q

What does overheating of the body cause?

A

Protein denaturation
Nerve malfunction
Convulsions
Death

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10
Q

How can the Core Body Temperature be defined?

A

The temperature of structures deep within the body

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11
Q

What does decreased body temperature cause to the body?

A

Slows down the rate of cellular reactions.

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12
Q

What are the site for monitoring temperature?

A

Ear Drum (Tympanic)
Rectal
Oral

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13
Q

What is the range for temperature of the Tympanic site?

A

35.5°C - 37.5°C

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14
Q

What is the range for temperature of the Rectal site?

A

36.7°C - 37.5°C

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15
Q

What pattern does body temperature display?

A

Diurnal Variation

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16
Q

What point of the day is temperature at its lowest?

A

Morning

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17
Q

What must be equal for core body temperature to stay constant?

A

Heat gain and heat loss must be equal

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18
Q

How is heat gained from the internal environment?

A

Metabolic Heat

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19
Q

How is heat gained from the the external environment? (3)

A

Radiation
Convection
Conduction

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20
Q

How is heat lost to the external environment? (4)

A

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation

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21
Q

How is Metabolic heat produced?

A

Oxidation of metabolic fuel derived from food in the body

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22
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

A

Minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body functions

23
Q

How can the BMR be increased? (3)

A

Hormones
Muscle Activity
Shivering

24
Q

What leads to the basic level of Heat Production?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

25
Q

What are the hormones that increase the BMR? (3)

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Thyroxine

26
Q

What is Radiation of heat?

A

Emission of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves from a surface

  • The body emits and absorbs radiant heat
27
Q

What is conduction of heat?

A

Transfer of heat between objects in contact

Heat moves from warmer to cooler object

28
Q

What does Conduction depend upon?

A

Heat conduction depends on temperature gradient and thermal conductivity

29
Q

What is Convection of heat?

A

Transfer of heat energy by air (or water) currents that help to carry the heat away from the body

30
Q

What two forms of heat transfer are combined to dissipate heat from the body?

A

Convection

Conduction

31
Q

What is Evaporation of heat transfer?

A

Energy is required to convert water in the skin surface and the lining of the respiratory airways into vapour

energy comes from the body resulting in evaporative heat loss - cools the body

32
Q

What is Passive Evaporative Heat Loss?

A

Water molecules continuously passively diffuse from the surface of the skin and the linings of the respiratory airways

33
Q

What is Active Evaporative Heat Loss?

A

Sweating is an active evaporative heat loss process controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

What affects the amount of evaporation?

A

Relative Humidity

35
Q

What is required a negative feedback system?

A

Sensor
Control Centre
Effectors

36
Q

What are the sensors of the negative feedback system for Temperature Control? (2)

A 
Central thermoreceptors 
(in hypothalmus, abdominal organs, elsewhere)
Peripheral thermoreceptors (in skin)
37
Q

What the control centre of the negative feedback system for Temperature Control?

A

Hypothalamus

38
Q

What are the effectors of the negative feedback system for Temperature Control? (2)

A

Skeletal Muscles

Skin Arterioles

Sweat Glands

39
Q

Where are the negative feedback receptors for temperature regulation located on the Hypothalamus?

A

The Neural Inputs of the Hpothalamus

40
Q

What part of the Hypothalamus is activated by cold?

A

The Posterior Hypothalamic Centre

41
Q

What part of the Hypothalamus is activated by warmth?

A

The Anterior Hypothalamic Centre

42
Q

What systems does the Hypothalamus have connections with?

A

Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex
Motor Neurones - control skeletal muscles
Sympathetic Nervous System

43
Q

What is the response of the Skin Arterioles when exposed to cold?

A

Vasoconstriction - Decreases heat loss

44
Q

What is the response of the Skeletal Muscle when exposed to cold? (3)

A

Increased muscle tone

Shivering

Increased voluntary movement

45
Q

What is the response of the Skin Arterioles when exposed to Heat?

A

Vasodilation - Increased Heat Loss

46
Q

What is the response of the Sweat Glands when exposed to Heat?

A

Sweating - Evaporation of sweat

Increased Heat Loss

47
Q

What is the response of the Skeletal Muscle when exposed to Heat? (3)

A

Decreased muscle tone
Decreased voluntary
Movement
Decreased heat Production

48
Q

What is an endogenous pyrogen?

A

Stimulate the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

49
Q

What is the function of a Postaglandin?

A

prostaglandins act on the hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre to “reset” the thermostat at a higher temperature

50
Q

What action does the Hypothalamus carry out when prostaglandins act on the it?

A

Hypothalamus initiate mechanisms to heat the body “cold response” to raise the body temperature to the new higher temperature, resulting in Fever

51
Q

How is the Hypothalamic temperature set point raised? (6)

A
  • Infection causes Macrophages to release chemical to produce endogenous pyrogen

Release of Postaglandins

Hypothalamic set point increased

Initiation of cold response

Heat Production increase - heat loss decreased

Increased Body Temperature

52
Q

What temperature is the new set point for a fever?

A

38°C - 40°C

53
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

Extreme uncontrolled increase in body temperature

Temperature above 40°C

54
Q

What is hypothermia ?

A

Drop in body temperature below that required for cellular metabolism
Temperature at or below 35°C

Physiology - Principles (8 decks)

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