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Physiology - Principles > Feedback Control and the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Feedback Control and the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does a negative feedback system require?

A

Sensor
Control Centre
Effector
A controlled variable

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2
Q

What the controlled variable in the cardiovascular system?

A

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

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3
Q

What are the sensors in the Cardiovascular system?

A

Baroreceptors

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4
Q

What are the effectors of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Heart

Blood Vessels

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5
Q

What is Blood Pressure?

A

Blood Pressure is the outward hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessels

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6
Q

What is Systemic Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure?

A

Systemic systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts

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7
Q

What is Systemic Diastolic Arterial Blood Pressure?

A

Diastolic Blood Pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes

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8
Q

What is Mean Arterial Blood Pressure?

A

This is the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle (Systolic and diastolic )

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9
Q

How is the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure calculated?

A

MAP = (2xDiastolic) + Systolic
———————————
3

This is because the diastolic period is 3 times the length of the systolic period

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10
Q

What is normal Arterial Blood Pressure?

A

< 140 Systolic and < 90 Diastolic

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11
Q

What is normal Range of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure?

A

70 - 105 mm Hg

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12
Q

What is the minimum Mean Arterial Blood Pressure required to perfuse the coronary arteries, brain and kidneys?

A

60 mm Hg

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13
Q

Where are the two groups of Baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic Arch

Carotid Sinus

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14
Q

What nerve takes the signal for the carotid sinus Baroreceptors?

A

The IXth Cranial Nerve

-Glossopharyngeal

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15
Q

What nerve takes the signal for the Aortic Baroreceptors?

A

The Xth Cranial Nerve

- Vagus Nerve

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16
Q

What type of receptors are Baroreceptors?

A

They are Mechanoreceptors that a sensitive to stretch.

17
Q

What increases the firing rate of a Baroreceptor?

A

Increase in the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

18
Q

What decreases the firing rate of a Baroreceptor?

A

Decrease in the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

19
Q

What is the site of the first synapse for all Cardiovascular Control Centre signals?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

20
Q

How does the control centre of the cardiovascular system receive a signal and act on it?

A

Information sent to the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS)

NTS relays information to other parts of the brain

Relay to Nucleus Ambiguus (Part of the autonomic Nervous system)

Regulates spinal sympathetic neurones

21
Q

Using Cardiac output how is Mean Arterial Pressure worked out?

A

MAP = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

22
Q

How is Cardiac Output worked out?

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

23
Q

What is the definition of Total Peripheral Resistance?

A

Total Peripheral Resistance is the sum of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

24
Q

What is the Sympathetic nervous system’s affect on the heart?

A

Accelerates the heart rate (Tachycardia)

Noradrenaline actions on Beta 1 Receptors

25
Q

What is the Parasympathetic nervous system’s affect on the heart?

A

Stimulation of the 10’th cranial nerve slow the heart down (Bradycardia)

Acetylcholine acts on Muscarinic receptors

26
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

Speeding up the of the heart

27
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Slowing down of the heart

28
Q

What increase the Stroke Volume of the heart?

A

Stimulation of the Sympathetic nervous system

29
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used for the smooth muscles of the vasculature?

A

Part of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Noradrenaline

30
Q

What occurs if the smooth muscles of the vasculature vasoconstrict?

A

Increase in TPR

Increase in MAP

31
Q

What occurs if the smooth muscles of the vasculature vasodilate?

A

Decrease in TPR

Decrease in MAP

32
Q

What is Vasomotor Tone?

A

Vascular Smooth Muscle partially constricted at rest

33
Q

What increases the Vasomotor Tone?

A

Increased Sympathetic Discharge

34
Q

What decreases the Vasomotor Tone?

A

Decrease Sympathetic Discharge

35
Q

What happens in a decrease in B.P?

A

Decrease in Baroreceptor Discharge

Signal sent to Medulla of Brain

Vagal Activity decreased - Increases heart Rate

Sympathetic activity increased - Stroke Volume increased

Sympathetic increase - Vasoconstriction

TPR increases

36
Q

What affect does the Parasympathetic system have on stroke volume?

A

No effect

37
Q

What happens in a increase in B.P?

A

Increase in Baroreceptor discharge

Signal sent to Medulla

Vagal activity increased - Decrease in Heart rate

Sympathetic activity decreased - Decrease in Stroke volume

Sympathetic decrease - Vasodilation

TPR decreases

38
Q

What is the disadvantage of Baroreceptors?

A

Only respond to acute changes in Blood Pressure

Baroreceptors re-set to a high MAP if B.P change lasts

Physiology - Principles (8 decks)

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