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Physiology - Principles > Feedback Control Glucose - Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Feedback Control Glucose - Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What source of the energy does the brain use?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

Can the brain metabolise fatty acids?

A

No

-Blood-brain barrier makes brain inaccessible to plasma fatty acids.

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3
Q

What is Hypoglycaemia

A

Blood sugar is <2.5 mmol/l

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4
Q

What is the recommended blood glucose levels?

A

4mmol/l

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5
Q

What can Hypoglycaemia lead to?

A

Confusion
Coma
Damage of Blood Vessels

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6
Q

What is the Fed State?

A

This is the state immediately after a meal, were there is a lot of nutrients

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7
Q

What the state between meals?

A

The Post Absorptive State

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8
Q

What hormones control glucose concentration in the absorptive and post-absorptive states?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
- Both produced by the pancreas

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9
Q

What hormones control glucose concentration in emergencies?

A

Adrenaline

-Produced from the adrenal gland

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10
Q

What hormones control glucose concentrations during starvation?

A

Cortisol

Growth Hormone

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11
Q

Where is Cortisol produced?

A

Adrenal Gland

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12
Q

Where is Growth Hormone produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

What are the areas of the pancreas that produces insulin?

A

The Islets of Langerhans

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14
Q

What are the cells in the Islets of Langerhans called?

A

Beta Cells - these produce insulin

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15
Q

What cells of the pancreas produce glucagon?

A

Alpha Cells

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16
Q

What produces Somatostatins?

A

Sigma Cells

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17
Q

What happens in the absorptive state of glucose digestion/assimilation?

A

Increase in Glucose
Increase in Insulin
Decrease in Glucagon

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18
Q

What happens to the concentration of Insulin and Glucagon in the blood after eating a rich carbohydrate meal?

A

Large increase in Insulin secretion

Glucagon levels reduce

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19
Q

What is the function of Insulin?

A

Stimulates conversion of glucose into glycogen, fatty acids into triglycerides and amino acids into protein.

Favours anabolism

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20
Q

What is the function of Glucagon?

A

Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose and triglycerides into fatty acids.

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21
Q

What is the hormone of the fed state?

A

Insulin

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22
Q

What is the hormone of the hungry state?

A

Glucagon

23
Q

What are the effects of Insulin?

A

Insulin lowers the Glucose level

24
Q

How does Insulin reduce the blood glucose?

A

Stimulating the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle and fat cells.

Activating the enzymes in liver and muscle which convert glucose into glycogen.

(Insulin also promotes the incorporation of amino acids into protein in muscle and promotes lipogenesis in adipose tissue)

25
Q

How does insulin promote glucose uptake into muscle and fat?

A

Insulin causes glucose transporter proteins (GLUT4) to be inserted into the plasma membrane

26
Q

What factors cause Insulin to be released?

A 
Increase Glucose levels
Increase in Amino Acids 
Increase in Parasympathetic activity 
Increase in Glucagon 
Release of GIP
27
Q

What factors cause Insulin Insulin release inhibition?

A

Decrease in Glucose levels

Increase in Sympathetic Activity

28
Q

What is GIP?

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

29
Q

What causes Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Lack of Insulin production

Impaired Cellular response to Insulin

30
Q

How is Diabetes Mellitus detected?

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

31
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

Glucose found in the urine

32
Q

What are the effects of severe Diabetes?

A

Very High Glucose concentration after meal

Glycosuria

Extra metabolism of fatty acids - Produces extra Acetyl Co A
-Ketone Bodies formed

Ketone Bodies lower the blood pH

33
Q

What are the signs of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? (6)

A
  • Childhood onset
  • Little/no insulin secretion
  • Defect in Beta-cell function
  • Ketosis develops
  • Insulin injections for treatment
  • Symptoms develop rapidly
34
Q

What are the signs of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? (6)

A
  • Adult onset (until recently)
  • Insulin secretion may be normal (or exceed normal)
  • Defect in insulin sensitivity
  • Ketosis rare
  • Diet/exercise and oral drugs for treatment
  • Symptoms develop slowly
35
Q

What stimulates the release of Glucagon? (3)

A
  • Decreased blood glucose
  • Amino acids (raises [glucose]p after protein meal)
  • Sympathetic nerve activity
36
Q

What causes inhibition of Glucagon release? (2)

A
  • Raised blood glucose

- Insulin

37
Q

How does Glucagon raise Glucose Concentration? (4)

A
  • Increasing liver glycogenolysis.
  • Inhibiting liver glycogen synthesis.
  • Promoting liver gluconeogenesis.
  • Promotes lipolysis in liver and adipose tissue.
38
Q

What occurs if we go without food for long periods of time?

A
  • Fats are metabolised.

- Protein is catabolised.

39
Q

What does Protein Catabolism lead to?

A

Muscle wastage

40
Q

During Starvation what is broken down first?

A

Protein and fat. However Protein metabolism increases and fat metabolism decreases as weeks of starvation increases

41
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted?

A

Medulla of the Adrenal gland

42
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex (Outer part)

Medulla (Inner)

43
Q

Where is Corisol secreted from?

A

The Zona Fasiculata of the Adrenal Gland

44
Q

What pattern does Cortisol secretion display?

A

Diurnal rhythm

Concentrations decrease during the day.
Concentrations increase during the night

45
Q

What is a diurnal rhythm?

A

Concentrations decrease during the day.

Concentrations increase during the night

46
Q

What are the effects of Adrenaline release in response to stress? (4)

A
  • Raises Glucose concentration
  • Stimulates Glycogenolysis
  • Stimulates Gluconeogenesis
  • Released during short-termed emergencies
47
Q

What are the effects of Cortisol release in response to stress? (5)

A
  • Raises Glucose concentration
  • Stimulates Proteins catabolism
  • Stimulates Gluconeogensis
  • Lipolysis stimulation
48
Q

What two hormones are used in stressful situation to increase glucose concentration?

A

Cortisol

Adrenaline

49
Q

Where is Growth Hormone secreted from?

A

Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland

50
Q

What is the effect of Growth Hormone in response to starvation? (3)

A
  • Decreases glucose uptake by muscle – “glucose sparing” action
  • Mobilises glucose from liver
  • Promotes lipolysis in fat cells
51
Q

What hormones maintain glucose concentration in starvation?

A

Cortisol

Growth Hormone

52
Q

What is the symbol given for glucose concentration?

A

[Glucose]p

53
Q

What hormones maintain [Glucose]p in absorptive and post-absorptive states?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

54
Q

What are the 5 hormones that influence [Glucose]p?

A 
Adrenaline
Insulin
Cortisol 
Glucagon
Growth Hormone

Physiology - Principles (8 decks)

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