Regulation of Bodily Fluids

Question 1

the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism

Answer 1

Excretion

Question 2

Through ______, organisms control _______—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain ______. The process thus promotes ________, the constancy of the organism’s internal environment.

Answer 2

excretion, osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, homeostasis

Question 3

It is the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body’s fluids, which are composed of water, plus electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

Answer 3

Osmoregulation

Question 4

_______ is a solute that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

Answer 4

electrolyte

Question 5

in contrast, doesn’t dissociate into ions during water dissolution.

Answer 5

non-electrolyte

Question 6

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Answer 6

Osmosis

Question 7

solute move from high to low concentration

Answer 7

diffusion

Question 8

solvent (water) move from low to high concentration

Answer 8

osmosis

Question 9

_________ may be separated into gases, liquids, solids, and heat. ______, though usually not classified as a waste product, should be classified as such because it is a by-product of metabolic activity and must be eliminated to avoid harmful elevation of body temperatures in warm-blooded animals.

Answer 9

Metabolic wastes, heat

Question 10

_______ are mainly materials that, by virtue of their chemical makeup, are indigestible or unusable by an organism.

Answer 10

Nonmetabolic wastes

Question 11

_________include any substances that are absorbed, ingested, or otherwise taken into a living system in excess of the needs and storage capabilities of the organism

Answer 11

nonmetabolic wastes

Question 12

Animals have different ways of excreting wastes

Answer 12

Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal tract – Solid wastes
Respiratory System – Gaseous wastes
Urinary Tract/Excretory system – Aqueous wastes

Question 13

An animal can maintain water balance in two ways

Answer 13

Osmoconformer, Osmoregulator

Question 14

to be isosmotic with its surroundings. All _______ are _______ animals

Answer 14

Osmoconformer, marine

Question 15

to control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment. They must discharge excess water

Answer 15

Osmoregulator

Question 16

Types of Animal Nitrogenous By-products

Answer 16

Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid

Question 17

Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as _______ need access to lots of water because ______ can be tolerated only at very low concentrations.
Therefore, ______ excretion is most common in aquatic species. In many invertebrates, ________release occurs across the whole body surface.

Answer 17

ammonia

Question 18

In vertebrates, _____is the product of a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide in the liver.
The main advantage of _____ is its _____ compared to ammonia. The main disadvantage is its ________: Animals must expend energy to produce ______from ammonia.
Animals who excrete _____ are land animals and marine animals.

Answer 18

urea
ad: very low toxicity disad: energy cost

Question 19

Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds, excrete _______ as their primary nitrogenous waste

Answer 19

uric acid

Question 20

is relatively nontoxic and does not readily dissolve in water.

Answer 20

Uric acid

Question 21

It can be excreted as a semisolid paste with very little water loss. However, ______ is even more energetically expensive than urea, requiring considerable ATP for synthesis from ammonia.

Answer 21

uric acid

Question 22

Excretory Processes

Answer 22

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

Question 23

the excretory tubule collects a filtrate from the blood

Answer 23

Filtration

Question 24

the transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids

Answer 24

reabsorption

Question 25

other substances, such as toxins and excess ions, are extracted from body fluids and added to the contents of the excretory tubule

Answer 25

secretion

Question 26

the altered filtrate (urine) leaves the system and the body

Answer 26

excretion

Question 27

A passage where water is transported from the root to all areas of the plant.

Answer 27

Transpiration Stream

Question 28

Factors that play a role in pushing water up the transpiration stream:

Answer 28

Root Pressure
Capillarity
Transpiration pull

Question 29

This factor is brought about by osmosis and the unequal concentration of water across the plant. Osmosis will occur up the plant until there is an equal concentration.

Answer 29

Root Pressure

Question 30

This is due to adhesion, the force of attraction between two different particles. When water passes up the thin xylem tubes, it adheres to its surface area, while the force of osmosis gently pushes the water molecules to their desired location

Answer 30

Capillarity

Question 31

This is thought to be the major force that allows water to be transported throughout a plant.

Answer 31

Transpiration Pull

Question 32

Evolutionary Adaptations for Water Retention

Answer 32

Curving of leaves
Hairy Stomata
Lower Frequency of Stomata

Question 33

The leaf surface curves in on itself, meaning the water transpired remains in close contact with the leaf. The result is a high concentration of water adjacent to the leaf surface, which will move across the concentration gradient of water back into the plant. In this instance, less of the leaf surface area is exposed directly to the atmosphere.

Answer 33

Curving of Leaves

Question 34

This has the same effect of curved leaves, preventing a clean break of water into the atmosphere from transpiration. Water molecules stick to these hairs, due to the adhesive attraction between the two structures

Answer 34

Hairy Stomata

Question 35

Fewer stomata across a plant means less opportunity for water to escape.

Answer 35

Lower Frequency of Stomata