Immunity and Defense Flashcards
Discharge destructive enzymes to parasites
Eosinophils
‘big eaters’ some are able to migrate and others are fixed (spleen)
Macrophages
This immune system has slower response
Adaptive Immune System
____________ are proteins produced by virus- infected cells which induce nearby cells to produce substances that will inhibit viral spread and replication. White blood cells produce a different type which activates the macrophages.
Interferons
All animals have this immune system
Innate Immune System
Stimulates the adaptive immunity, found in tissues in contact with the environment.
Dendritic Cells
Types of Phagocytic Cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
Eosinophils
Dendritic Cells
For a pathogen, the internal environment of an organism is a nearly ideal habitat. The animal body offers a ready source of nutrients, a protected setting, and a means of transport to new environments. Fortunately, adaptations have arisen over the course of evolution that protect animals against many pathogens.
Defense and Immunity
Promotes blood flow which results to redness and increase in skin temperature.
Cytokines
____________ free flowing proteins in the blood plasma which is activated by the surface of microbes. Activation results to complement cascade which eventually results to lysis (bursting) of invading cells.
Complementary system
Barrier Defenses in Innate Immunity of vertebrates
Skin
Mucous Membranes (Mucus; traps pathogens and other foreign bodies)
Secretion (Saliva, Tears, Mucus)
Two steps of Immune System
Immune Recognition
Immune Response
Only vertebrates have this immune system
Adaptive Immune System
The pain and swelling that alerts you to damage of your skin which is resulted by signaling molecules being released.
Inflammatory response
Two Types of Immune System
Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
Dilates blood vessels to become more permeable, which results to localized swelling. Released by mast cells.
Histamine
Detect and kill virus-infected and cancerous cells
Natural Killer Cells
Fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue.
Pus
Found in blood and attracted by signals of infected tissues to locate pathogens
Neutrophils
This immune system has rapid response
Innate Immune System
In this immune system, recognition of traits is shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors
Innate Immune System
Two Peptides and Proteins unique to mammals
Interferons
Complement system
In this immune system, recognition of traits is specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors.
Adaptive Immune System
The adaptive response relies on __________ and __________, which are types of white blood cells called ____________.
T cells, B cells, lymphocytes
developed in the Bone marrow, secretes antibodies/immunoglobulin.
B cells
developed in the Thymus
T cells
True of False
Both B cells and T cells have Immunological memory.
TRUE
used for recognition in adaptive immunity. Binds to one part of one molecule of a particular pathogen.
Antigen Receptor
B cells, once activated, produces (through clonal selection):
Plasma Cells
Memory Cells
a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs.
Lymphatic System
helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream.
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells called _____________
lymphocytes
Plants respond to infection using a _______________________.
two-branched innate immune system.
The ___________ recognizes and responds to molecules common to many ____________, including non-pathogens.
first branch, classes of microbes
The ________________ responds to __________________, either directly or through their effects on host targets. (Damage Control)
second branch, pathogen virulence factors
Types of Plants Defensive Mechanisms
Thorn
Prickle
Spine
Trichome
Idioblast
Mutualism
Crypsis
Chemical Signaling
are basically pointy branches or stems.
Thorns
Their defensive function is somewhat self-evident: they’re stabby.
Thorns
True or False
Roses have thorns
FALSE
(They actually have prickles instead of thorns)
are actually pointed protuberances from a plant’s epidermis.
Prickles
While they shield the plants that bear them from some depredations, certain species of planthopper, small enough to squeeze between them and slurp up sap, actually mimic their spiky appearance to avoid predators.
Prickles
Many plants have _____________, but they are perhaps most memorably marshalled by the _______, who sport them in abundance
spines, cacti
not only defend the juicy stems of cacti against ravenous succulent-eaters, but also shade them from the relentless desert sun.
Spines
Nettles and other plants grow a bristling fur of these pointed structures to shield themselves from browsing.
Trichome
Some plants—like the ____________—have associated glands that inject poison into the trichome-inflicted wounds.
nettle
TRUE or FALSE
Some tropical nettles can cause permanent nerve damage…or death.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
All plants bear their defenses on the surface
FALSE
(Not all plants bear their defenses on the surface)
If thorns, spines, prickles, and trichomes are the spear brigade, ___________ are the landmines.
idioblasts
Specialized cells that contain a variety of defensive compounds, from razor-sharp crystals to pain-inducing chemicals, ________________ detonate when the first line of defense has been breached.
idioblasts
Some plants have opted to hire mercenaries.
Mutualism
The ants savagely defend their “giving trees” against all comers, be they animal, vegetable, or fungus.
Mutualism
The ‘camouflage’ mechanism of plants
Crypsis
happens when a plant resembles its background or an inanimate object to dissociate themselves as food for their predators
Crypsis
Plants that are attacked by browsers or insect pests or subjected to stressful conditions such as drought or microbial infection may warn other plants of the impending crises by releasing __________________________, which precipitate physiological reactions in nearby plants.
Chemical Signaling, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
They may increase concentrations of toxic compounds to ward off the enemy, or they may release compounds of their own that attract the enemy’s predators.
Chemical Signaling
ome recent experiments have shown that plants also communicate through chemicals released by their _______ and even via _______________________________.
roots, networks of fungal symbionts.
