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Human Biology Unit 3 > Regulation and Disruption > Flashcards

Regulation and Disruption Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant, optimal internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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2
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms

A

controlled by the nervous and endocrine system; the nervous system sends electrical impulses, endocrine system secretes hormones to counteract the stimulus

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3
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

The response reduces or eliminates the stimulus causing the effect
Eg. Dropping body temperature

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4
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

The response intensifies the stimulus

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5
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Fluctuations around the set point, controlled by homeostasis

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6
Q

Set Point

A

The optimum level around which levels fluctuate

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7
Q

Location of thermoreceptors

A

Thermoreceptors are found within the skin and mucous membrane (peripheral thermoreceptors) and in the hypothalamus and vital organs (central thermoreceptors)

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8
Q

Function of peripheral thermoreceptors

A

provide info about the external environment: cold and hot receptors

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9
Q

Function of central thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in internal temperatures

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10
Q

Heat Exhaustion

A

Caused by dehydration and continuous vasodilation, causing low blood pressure.
Person may collapse, but internal body temperature remains normal

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11
Q

Heat Stroke

A

Caused by high temperatures and humidity – body temperature increases past 42˚C.
Causes regulatory mechanisms to cease

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12
Q

Hypothermia

A

Core temperature falling below 33˚C; causes metabolic rate to slow, decreased heat production

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13
Q

Heat Transfer

A

Conduction, radiation, evaporation, convection

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14
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

found inside the cells

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15
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

outside the cells, including blood plasma

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16
Q

Intercellular Fluid

A

between cells (interstitial fluid)

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17
Q

Plasma

A

fluid within the blood stream

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18
Q

Lymph

A

any fluid found within the lymph vessels

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19
Q

Lyphedema

A

Lymphatic obstruction causing excess extracellular fluid to collect outside the lymph vessels

20
Q

Dehydration

A

Water loss exceeds water intake through vomiting, sweating, or diarrhoea
Severe thirst, low blood pressure, dizziness, headache

21
Q

Water Intoxification

A

Dilation of bodily fluids, leading to cells taking in more water by osmosis

22
Q

Effect of Alcohol on Water Regulation

A

Inhibits ADH production – decreased water reabsorption in the collecting duct

23
Q

Insulin

A

produced by the beta cells in the pancreas, and decreases blood glucose levels

24
Q

Ways Insulin lowers BGL

A

Accelerates the transport of glucose from blood to cells, conversion of glucose to glycogen, stimulates conversion of glucose into adipose tissue, increase in protein synthesis

25
Q

Glucagon

A

produced in the alpha cells in the pancreas, and increases blood glucose levels

26
Q

Ways glucagon increases BGL

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis

27
Q

Adrenaline and Cortisol (Blood Sugar regulation)

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

28
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose to glycogen

29
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen to glucose

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of non-glucose sources into glycogen (deamination)

31
Q

Ions that regulate gas concentrations

A

Concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (pH) regulate breathing

32
Q

Regulation of oxygen

A

Extremely low concentrations of oxygen are detected by the aortic and carotid bodies, as well as the medulla; these send a nerve impulse to the respiratory centre in the medulla, which then stimulates the intercostals and diaphragm to contract

33
Q

Regulation of carbon dioxide

A

A relatively small increase in carbon dioxide concentration can stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth
An increase in CO2 concentrations leads to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration
This is detected by peripheral and central chemoreceptors; medulla is most sensitive to CO2 changes

34
Q

Regulation of hydrogen ions

A

As hydrogen ions increase, blood pH decreases

Decrease in pH is detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors

35
Q

Breathing structures

A

To increase breathing rate, both the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are stimulated to contract via the intercostal nerve and the phrenic nerve respectively

36
Q

Danger of hyperventilation before diving

A

Reduced levels of CO2 in the blood stream prior to diving means the urge to breath won’t be triggered at the right time. Decreased O2 levels mean the person will blackout whilst underwater, causing them to inhale whilst under the water

37
Q

Disruptions to homeostasis

A

Hormonal disruptions and disease

38
Q

Diabetes

A

Blood sugar levels are regulated by insulin and glucagon; either doesn’t secrete enough insulin, or cells are resistant to the effects of insulin

39
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Insulin dependent/ juvenile diabetes
Autoimmune disease – leucocytes attack beta cells
Insulin is injected

40
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Adult onset / non-insulin dependent
Insulin in produced, but the cells don’t respond to it – lifestyle disease
- Lack of physical disease

41
Q

Lifestyle factors contributing to type 2 diabetes

A

Lack of physical exercise, overweight / obese, diet high in fat, sugar and salt, low in fibre, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking

42
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)

A

Excessive thyroxine
Genetic predisposition; rapid heart rate, weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, sweating, anxiety, protruding eyeballs

43
Q

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

A

Drugs blocking thyroid’s use of iodine
Surgery
Radioactive Iodine

44
Q

Hypothyrodism

A

Too little thyroxine, can be caused by iodine deficiency
Thyroid may enlarge, causing a goitre
Slow heart rate, weight gain, fatigue, intolerance to cold, swelling of the face
Pregnant women with an iodine deficiency can give birth to mentally and physically handicapped babies (cretinism)

45
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease

A

Autoimmune disease - leucocytes attack thyroid cells

46
Q

Treatment of hypothyroidism

A

Either supplementation with iodine, thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Human Biology Unit 3 (6 decks)

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