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Human Biology Unit 3 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Transmission of pathogens

A

Through contact, transfer of bodily fluids, droplets, ingestion, airborne transmission, vectors

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2
Q

Non-specific defences

A

Works against all pathogens, and consists of external defences, leucocytes and macrophages, the inflammatory response

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3
Q

Steps of the inflammatory response

A
  1. Mast cells release histamine, heparin into extracellular fluid
  2. Histamine increases blood flow in the area by increasing the permeability of capillaries; causes heat and swelling
  3. Heparin prevents blood clotting
  4. Chemicals released by mast cells attract phagocytes
  5. Abnormal conditions stimulate pain receptors
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4
Q

Function of histomine

A

increases capillary permeability, hence blood flow in area; causes heat and swelling

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5
Q

Function of heparin

A

Prevents blood clotting

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6
Q

Fever

A

High body temperature inhibits the growth of bacteria and viruses, increases the rate of chemical reactions. Can be harmful if exceeds 44 C

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7
Q

External Defences

A

consists of all external barriers; skin, mucous membranes, sebaceous secretions

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8
Q

Protective Reflexes

A

Protect the body from injury and infection - sneezing, coughing, vomiting

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9
Q

Lymphatic Systems

A

collects excess extracellular fluid and returns it to the circulatory system

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10
Q

Lymph node

A

contains lymphoid tissue that traps large particles such as bacteria

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11
Q

Specific Immunity

A

Directed towards a specific pathogen

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12
Q

B cells

A

Mature in the bones, found in the blood and lymphoid tissue; involves in humoral and cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

T cells

A

Matures in the thymus, found in lymph nodesl involved in cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

Antigens

A

Any substance capable of causing a specific immune response

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15
Q

Self antigens

A

recognised by the immune system as belonging to the body - don’t cause an immune response

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16
Q

Non-self antigens

A

recognised as not belonging to the body - triggers an immune response

17
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  1. Antigen sensitises B cell
  2. B cell enlarges, clones
    Either form plasma cells or memory cells
  3. Memory cells respond to re-exposure of antigen (secondary response), while plasma cells/antibodies attack antigens
18
Q

Antibodies

A

Combine with bacterial/ viral toxins/ enzymes and inhibit them
Bind to viruses to prevent cell entry
Coat bacteria – easier phagocytosis
Cause agglutination of foreign particles
Create insoluble substances – easier phagocytosis

19
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A
  1. B cell/macrophage encounters antigen and presents it to nearest lymph node
  2. T cell becomes sensitised
  3. T cell enlarges and clones into 3 types of T cells or memory cell
20
Q

Killer T Cells

A

migrate and attach to invading cells

21
Q

Helper T Cells

A

cause more lymphocytes to become more sensitized, attracts macrophages and intensifies phagocytosis

22
Q

Suppressor T Cells

A

Releases substances that inhibit B and T cell activity

23
Q

Types of Immunity

A

Natural, artificial, passive, natural

24
Q

Natural Immunity

A

occurs without human intervention

25
Q

Artificial immunity

A

results through intervention

26
Q

Passive immunity

A

production of antibodies elsewhere

27
Q

Active immunity

A

the body produces its own antigens after exposure to an antigen

28
Q

Immunisation

A

The artificial introduction of antigens into the body to develop antigens

29
Q

Vaccine

A

The antigen preparation used in the immunisation

30
Q

Antibiotics

A

Works specifically on bacterial infections, not effective against viruses

31
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria by changing/damaging the structure of their cell wall

32
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Blocks protein synthesis to stop reproduction

33
Q

Multiple drug resistant bacteria

A

Develops through overuse of antibacterial, allowing bacteria resistant to the antibacterial to reproduce

34
Q

Antivirals

A

specifically for treating viral infections; inhibits the development of the virus

35
Q

Differences between antibacterial and antivirals

A

Antibacterials are designed to specifically treat bacterial infections, hence cannot treat viral infections. Antibacterials are designed to kill/damage bacteria, antivirals prevent/slow cell entry and reproduction

Human Biology Unit 3 (6 decks)

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