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Human Biology Unit 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment, despite changes in the external environment
Carried out by both endocrine and nervous system

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2
Q

Feedback Systems

A

The body responds to a stimulus, and the response alters the original stimulus

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3
Q

Homeostasis’ impact on fluid environment of cells

A
  1. optimum nutrients, ions, gases, and water
  2. constant temperature
  3. optimum pressure
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4
Q

Stages in a feedback system

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. modulator
  4. effector
  5. response
  6. feedback
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5
Q

Endocrine gland

A

secretes substance into the bloodstream eg. hormones

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6
Q

Exocrine gland

A

secretes substances onto a surface through a duct

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7
Q

Hormones

A

secreted from an endocrine gland, transported by blood, affects target cells/organs, specific as they bind to certain receptors

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8
Q

Paracrines

A

“local hormones”; chemicals secreted by all cells, used to communicate with adjacent cells

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9
Q

Protein and amine hormones

A

attach to receptors on the cell membrane, causes secondary messengers to activate cellular enzymes

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10
Q

Steroid hormones

A

attach to internal receptors on organelles, activates genes that control protein production (hormone-receptor complex)

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11
Q

Functions of hormones

A

activate genes to produce enzymes or proteins, denature enzymes, change rate of enzyme or protein production

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12
Q

Enzyme amplification

A

one hormone molecule can activate thousands of enzyme molecules - only a small amount of hormones are needed

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13
Q

Removal of hormones

A

target cells, liver, kidney

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14
Q

Releasing/inhibiting factors

A

produced by nervous system to trigger hormone production by endocrine glands (anterior pituitary)

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temp, water balance, heart rate

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16
Q

Pituitary gland

A

joined to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum; secretes hormones that regulate activity of endocrine glands

17
Q

Anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis

A

connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels; inhibiting and releasing factors secreted by hypothalamus trigger production of of hormones

18
Q

Posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis

A

Hormones pass from the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary through nerve impulses

19
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A

gonadotrophins, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, prolactin

20
Q

Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

releases oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

21
Q

Thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine, calcitonin

22
Q

Effects of thyroxine

A

regulates metabolic rate by regulating energy production from cell respiration - increases body temperature

23
Q

Calcitonin

A

promotes storage of calcium in the bones, reducing blood calcium levels

24
Q

Pancreas

A

both exocrine and endocrine; secretes digestive enzymes, insulin, glucagon

25
Q

Effects of insulin

A

Reduces blood glucose levels, stimulates cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen or fat

26
Q

Effects of glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating breakdown of glycogen and fat from cells into glucose

27
Q

Gonads

A

antrogens, oestrogen and progesterone

28
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

(middle) secretes adrenalin and noradrenaline

29
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

produces corticosteroids - mineralocorticoids, glucorticoids, gonadocorticoids

30
Q

Effects of mineralocorticoids

A

main mineralocorticoid - aldosterone; retains sodium, removes potassium from body

31
Q

Effects of glucocorticoids

A

Required for normal metabolism; increase in ATP production, blood pressure, decreased immune response, depressed inflammatory response, slower healing. Low doses provide resistance to stress, high doses depress the immune system

32
Q

Parathyroids

A

produces parathormones

33
Q

Effects of parathormones

A

increases blood calcium and phosphate levels

34
Q

Thymus

A

decreases in size as child matures, secretes thymosins; maturations of T lymphocytes

Human Biology Unit 3 (6 decks)

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