Regulation

Question 1

Gene expression

Answer 1

The creation of functional product

Question 2

Central dogma

Answer 2

The process by which the instruction in DNA are converted to a functional product

Question 3

Start and end product of transcription

Answer 3

DNA –> RNA

Question 4

Start and end product of translation

Answer 4

RNA –> protein

Question 5

General transcription factor

Answer 5

Identifies where transcription must begin and helps bind the RNA polymerase to that location

Question 6

General transcription factor in bacteria

Answer 6

Sigma factor

Question 7

General transcription factor in archaea

Answer 7

TATA binding protein

Question 8

General transcription factor in eukarytoes

Answer 8

Numerous binding proteins

Question 9

What are the small molecules that regulate transcription?

Answer 9

Inducers, co-repressor or co-activators

Question 10

How does termination of transcription occur in bacteria?

Answer 10

Rho-dependent or Rho-independent

Question 11

Rho-dependent

Answer 11

Near end of gene, Rho protein collides with polymerase and releases mRNA

Question 12

Rho-independent

Answer 12

Near the end of the gene the mRNA folds back on itself, creating a hairpin, stopping transcription

Question 13

How does termination of transcription happen in eukaryotes?

Answer 13

Depends on polymerase

Question 14

Polyerase I

Answer 14

Termination sequence

Question 15

Polymerase II

Answer 15

Cleaved during cleanup

Question 16

Polymerase III

Answer 16

Hairpin formed

Question 17

How is transcription terminated in archaea?

Answer 17

Not well studied

Question 18

Operons

Answer 18

The expression of multiple genes is controlled by the same promoter and creates a single trasncript

Question 19

Trp operon

Answer 19

Synthesizes tryptophan when it is not present in the environment

Question 20

lac Operon

Answer 20

When lactose is present, lac operon “turns on” and helps process lactose

Question 21

In E. coil if glucose is present

Answer 21

E. coli prefers to use glucose instead of lactose, therefore lac operon depends on concentration of glucose and lactose

Question 22

Nucleosome

Answer 22

Histones with DNA wrapped around it

Question 23

What chemical process signals histone to wind DNA more tightly?

Answer 23

Methylation

Question 24

What chemical process signals histone to wind DNA loosely?

Answer 24

Acetylation

Question 25

When acetylation occurs

Answer 25

The genes are more easily accessible for transcription

Question 26

What happens before transcribed RNA can leave the nucleus

Answer 26

It must be porcessed

Question 27

Processing includes

Answer 27

RNA splicing, 5’ capping, 3’ end cleaving and polyadenylation

Question 28

Nuclear Pore Complex

Answer 28

Regulates the movement of mRNA out of the nucleus, which can happen at various rates

Question 29

Which domain has simultaneous transcription and translation

Answer 29

Bacteria

Question 30

Which domain has Shine-Dalgarno sequence in mRNA?

Answer 30

Bacteria

Question 31

Polycistronic mRNA

Answer 31

When an mRNA strand codes for multiple peptides

Question 32

What is the process of post-translational modification?

Answer 32

1) removal of translated signal sequence
2) proper “folding” of polypeptides and association of multiple polypeptide subunits
3) various chemical modification of individual amino acids