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Echo Registry Review > Registry Review - Cardiac anatomy > Flashcards

Registry Review - Cardiac anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac Positon

____ of the heart situated to right of middle and ____ of the heart is situated to the left of midline

A
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2
Q

Cardiac Positon

Base is situated upward toward the head, but more ____ than apex, and includes both atria and all the great vessels

A

posterior

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3
Q

Cardiac Positon

RV lies ____ to the LV

A

anterior

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4
Q

Cardiac Positon

___ of the heart refers to junction of the atrial and ventricular septum

A

The term [Crux Cordis] is Latin and means “the cross of the heart”. It is an anatomical landmark used in angiography. It is formed by the crossing of the atrioventricular sulcus and the conjunction of the posterior interventricular sulcus and the interatrial sulcus.

In the accompanying image the atrioventricular sulcus is colored blue, the posterior interventricular sulcus is red, and the interatrial sulcus is green.

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5
Q

Cardiac Positon

Tall thin patients tend to have a more ___ axis to their heart compared to shorter obese patients who have a more ____ cardiac position

A

vertical

horizontal

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6
Q

Cardiac Positon

normal position of the heart refers to ____

A

levocardia

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7
Q

Cardiac Positon

heart is positioned toward the right side of the chest instead of normally pointing to the left

A

dextrocardia

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8
Q

Cardiac Positon

the heart is very lateral on the left side of the chest; associated with congenital heart disease

A

extreme levocardia

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9
Q

Cardiac Positon

the heart is located in the middle of the chest with the apex pointing midline

A

mesocardia

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10
Q

Cardiac Positon

the heart is located in the right side of the chest with the apex pointing to the left; usually occurs due to space lesion abnormality of the left lung (congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, diaphragmatic hernia)

A

dextroposition

*levoposition - the heart is located on the left side of the chest; normal position

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11
Q

Cardiac Structure

males: ___ to ___ g
females: ____ to ____ g

A

280-340

230 - 280

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12
Q

Cardiac Structure

LV is ____ in shape, RV is more ____ in shape

A

ellipsoid

triangular

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13
Q

Ventricular Structure

papillary muscles attached to each leaflet of AV valves (MV and TV) by the ______, TV has a pap muscle on the _____, and the MV has no _____ pap muscle

A

chordae tendenae

septum

septal

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14
Q

Ventricular Structure

In the LV, branches of the RCA supply the ____, ____ muscles and LAD and CX supply the ____, _____ muscle

A

posterior, medial

anterior, lateral

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15
Q

Moderator band: One large muscle bridge connecting the RV ____ wall to the right border of the IVS

A

anterior

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16
Q

Valvular Anatomy

cardiac valves are made of ______ tissue

A

fibrous

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17
Q

Valvular Anatomy

valves are covered on both sides by layers of ______

A

endocardium (epithelial cells)

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18
Q

TV anatomy

3 leaflets: ____, ______, ______

A

anterior (largest)

posterior (smallest)

septal (medial)

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19
Q

TV Anatomy

It is inserted slightly closer to the cardiac apex than the MV.

T or F ?

A

T

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20
Q

VT Anatomy

septal leaflet normally has chordal attachment to the ________

A

ventricular septum (septophilic)

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21
Q

Valvular Anatomy

MV and TV insertion sites are normally ____ mm/m2 apart; this is best evaluated in _____ view

A

<8

A4C

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22
Q

TV normal valve area is ______

A

5-8 cm2

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23
Q

TV valve normally opens ___ and closes ___MV

A

before

after

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24
Q

TV valve best evaluated in the ____ & _____ view

A

A4C

parasternal (inflow)

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25
Q

MV valve anatomy

2 leaflets: ______ and _______

A

anterior

posterior

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26
Q

MV valve anatomy

_____ leaflet normally shorter and has a scalloped edge

A

posterior

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27
Q

MV valve anatomy

leaflets are supported by the valvular apparatus: ______, _______, and _______

A

mitral annulus

chordae tendinae

pap muscle

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28
Q

MV valve anatomy

normal valve area: _____ cm2

A

4-6

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29
Q

MV best evaluated in the _____ & _____ views

A

A4C

PLAX

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30
Q

Which valve is this?

half moon shaped valve leaflets

located between the ventricles and outflow tract

A

semilunar valves

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31
Q

AoV Anatomy

3 leaflets/cusps: _____, _______, and ______

A

right coronary

left coronary

non-coronary

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32
Q

AoV Anatomy

*Thin at the edges with a thickened area centrally on each cusp that is called a:

A

nodule of Arantius

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33
Q

AoV Anatomy

average normal AoV area is _____ cm2

A

3-4

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34
Q

PV Anatomy

3 leaflets: _____, _______, and ______

A

right

left

anterior

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35
Q

PV Anatomy

PV lies ____, _____, and ______ to the AoV

A

anterior, superior, and lateral (left)

36
Q

PV Anatomy

PV best evaluated in ____ .

Which valve can be seen?

A

PSAX

most anterior (MPA) *LPA/RPA can be seen depending on the patient

37
Q

Cardiac Grooves

A
38
Q

Coronary Circulation

The majority of antegrade flow in the coronary arteries occurs early in ______

A

ventricular diastole

39
Q

Coronary Circulation

Increased LV diastolic pressure will _____ coronary artery flow

A

decrease

40
Q

Coronary Circulation

increased HR will reduce the time of ventricular diastole, therefore ______ forward flow in coronaries

A

reducing

41
Q

Coronary Circulation

During ventricular systole, the AoV is open covering the _______

A

coronary ostium (thus no forward blood flow to coronary arteries)

42
Q

Coronary Circulation

When the AoV _______, blood in aorta easily fills the coronary arteries

A

closes

43
Q

____ originated from the Ao Rt at the right cusp of AoV

A

RAC (right main coronary artery)

44
Q

In 80% of individuals, the PDA originates from the RCA and is described as __________

A

right-dominant circulation

45
Q

In 20% individuals, the PDA originated from the _____ and is described as “left dominant” circulation

A

LCX

46
Q

RCA (right main coronary artery ) branches into ___ and runs along the right right atrioventricular groove toward the apex

A

PDA

*PDA supplies the inferior ventricular septum and inferior wall of LV

47
Q

____ supplies posterior, medial papillary muscle and ____ & ____ supply the anterior, lateral papillary muscle

A

RCA

LAD & LCX

48
Q

Coronary sinus has the ______ O2 saturation of all chambers/vessels

A

lowest

49
Q

Coronary sinus crosses behind the LA in the _________ (the junction of the LA and the LV)

A

posterior atrioventricular groove

50
Q

If ___ pressure increases, the coronary sinus will dilate

A

RA

51
Q

_______ protects the opening of the coronary sinus into the RA

A

Thebesian valve

52
Q

What are the three main tributaries of coronary sinus?

A
  1. great cardiac vein
  2. middle cardiac vein
  3. small cardiac vein
53
Q

Name each cardiac wall layer:

blue:

green:

purple:

red:

A

blue: endocardium

green myocardium

purple: epicardium
red: pericardium

54
Q

Name each coronary artery

A
  1. RCA
  2. LCA
  3. LCX
  4. LAD
  5. Right (acute) marginal artery
  6. PDA
  7. Left (obtuse) marginal artery
55
Q

LV

shape?

A

Ellipsoid

56
Q

LV

composed of three sections:

A

inflow, apex, ooutflow

57
Q

LV

Anatomical outflow tract extends from ________ to the _________

A

inner edge of the interventricular septum

leading edge of the anterior mitral leaflet

58
Q

LV

functional outflow tract refers to the area between the _____ to the ______

&

from the _______ to the _______

A

septal wall, anterior aortic annulus

&

anterior mitral leaflet, posterior aortic annulus

59
Q

LV

normal wall thickness in men ?

A

0.6 - 1.0 cm

60
Q

LV

normal wall thickness in women?

A

0.6 - 0.9 cm

61
Q

LV

normal chamber size end diastole in women?

A

3.8 - 5.2 cm

62
Q

LV

normal chamber size end diastole men?

A

4.2 - 5.8 cm

63
Q

LV

average normal EF in men & women?

A

men: 52-72%
women: 54-74%

64
Q

LV

normal fractional shortening (FS)?

A

>25%

65
Q

LV

average LV pressure?

A

120/10 mmHg

66
Q

LV

LV diastolic pressure = ???

A

mean LA pressure

67
Q

LV

features that differentiate LV from the RV?

A
  • no moderator band
  • smooth walls (no trabeculations)
  • 2 pap muscles (anterior & posterior *septophobic) instead of 3
  • bi-leaflet valves
  • apical displacement of the tricuspid valve compared to MV
68
Q

LA

What are the two distinct cavities of LA?

A

LA
&

LA appendage

69
Q

LA

normal AP measurement in PLAX?

A

<4cm

70
Q

LA

normal LA area?

A

<20 cm2

71
Q

LA

LA volume index is preferred method of assessment and its normal value is?

A

≤34 mL/m2

72
Q

LA

pressure range in LA = ?

A

0-12 mmHg

73
Q

LA Appendage

shape?

A

windsock

74
Q

LA Appendage

locate ____ to the LA

A

posterior

75
Q

LA Appendage

Its walls contain ______

A

pectinate muscle

76
Q

LA Appendage

best evaluated in ____ view

A

A2C

77
Q

LA Appendage

TEE Doppler evaluation using PW Doppler to evaluate the maximum emptying velocity during atrial contraction. Average ___?

A

>50cm/s

78
Q

LA Appendage

velocities less than ____ indicate increased risk of thrombus formation in the appendage

A

20cm/m

79
Q

RA

  • composed of two portions: anterior and posterior
  • walls are lined with a thin layer of ______ for structural support
A

pectinate muscle

80
Q

RA

_____ RA is connected to the right atrial appendage

A

anterior

81
Q

RA

_____ is a muscular ridge that separates the RA into the portions and extends vertically from IVC to SVC

A

crista terminalis

82
Q

RA

______ is refers to the external ridge of tissue corresponding to the internal crista terminalis

A

sulcus terminalis

83
Q

What is the Smooth area inside the right ventricle that leads to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Conus Arteriosus (infundibulum)

84
Q

RA

O2 saturation is ____?

A

75%

85
Q

RA

_____ protects the opening of the IVC into the RA *NO hemodynamic function in adults

A

Eustachian valve

Echo Registry Review (25 decks)

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