regions of vertebral column part 2 ex 2 QQ

Question 1

recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?

Answer 1

55-60 degrees

Question 2

what muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?

Answer 2

longissimus capitis 
longissimus cervicis 
semispinalis capitis 
semispinalis cervicis
multifidus 
rotators

Question 3

what muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?

Answer 3

semispinalis capitis
multifidus
rotator longus

Question 4

what modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?

Answer 4

meniscoidal folds

Question 5

what function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygaopophyses?

Answer 5

they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface

Question 6

the greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebra occurs at which vertebral couple?

Answer 6

typically C5/C6

Question 7

what motions are coupled in the cervical spine?

Answer 7

lateral bending and axial rotation

Question 8

ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?

Answer 8

C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples

Question 9

ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?

Answer 9

C5/C6 vertebral couple

Question 10

what muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?

Answer 10

spinalis cervicis
semispinalis cervicis
semispinalis thoracis
multifidus 
rotators 
interspinalis

Question 11

what will form the unique anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?

Answer 11

lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of luschka

Question 12

what muscles attach to the anterior arch of C1?

Answer 12

longus colli

Question 13

what is the orientation of the SUPERIOR articular facet of C1?

Answer 13

BUM

backward
upward
medial

Question 14

what is the orientation of the INFERIOR articular facet of C1?

Answer 14

BMD

backward
medial
downward

Question 15

what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

Answer 15

Levator scapula
Splenius cervicis
Rectus capitis anterior

Question 16

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

Answer 16

male: 50 millimeters
females: 37 millimeters

Question 17

what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

Answer 17

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle

ligamentum nuchae

Question 18

what is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

Answer 18

about age 7

Question 19

what names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

Answer 19

arcuate foramen or

retroarticular canal

Question 20

ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?

Answer 20

all populations studied thus far

Question 21

what is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

Answer 21

1%-41%

Question 22

what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

Answer 22

Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis
Middle scalene
Levator scapula
Splenius cervicis
Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitis inferior 
Intertransversarii muscles

Question 23

what is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?

Answer 23

inferior vertebral notch and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament

Question 24

what is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital intervertebral foramina?

Answer 24

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

Question 25

what suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

Answer 25

Rectus capitis posterior minor Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis inferior

Question 26

what are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

Answer 26

myodural bridges

Question 27

what are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

Answer 27

lateral mass and transverse process of atlas

Question 28

what opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

Answer 28

retrotransverse foramen

Question 29

what are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

Answer 29

vertebral artery branch from the suboccipital nerve veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

Question 30

which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

Answer 30

lateral bridges

Question 31

what is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

Answer 31

vertebral artery vertebral venous plexus postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

Question 32

what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

Answer 32

males: 78 mm females: 72 mm

Question 33

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

Answer 33

a little over 30 mm for both males and females

Question 34

how many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

Answer 34

5

Question 35

what synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

Answer 35

2 superior articular facets 2 inferior articular facets fovea dentis

Question 36

what names are given to C2?

Answer 36

axis or epistropheus

Question 37

how many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

Answer 37

5

Question 38

what joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

Answer 38

facet for fovea dentis groove for transverse atlantal ligament attachment sites for alar ligaments attachment site for the apical-dental ligament

Question 39

what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

Answer 39

lordotic dens

Question 40

what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior

Answer 40

kyphotic dens

Question 41

how many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 41

5

Question 42

what joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 42

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Question 43

how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 43

10

Question 44

what attached to the lamina of C2?

Answer 44

Obliquus capitis inferior Posterior atlanto-axial ligament Ligamentum flavum

Question 45

what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?

Answer 45

BUL backward upward lateral

Question 46

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

Answer 46

FoLD forward lateral down

Question 47

what muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?

Answer 47

longissimus cervicis

Question 48

what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

Answer 48

male: 57 mm females: 50 mm

Question 49

what muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?

Answer 49

``` Levator scapulae Middle scalene Splenius cervicis Longissimus cervicis Intertransversarii ```

Question 50

what is the characteristic appearance of C2 spinous process in humans?

Answer 50

bifid