regions of vertebral column part 2 ex 2 QQ Flashcards
recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55-60 degrees
what muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
longissimus capitis longissimus cervicis semispinalis capitis semispinalis cervicis multifidus rotators
what muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
semispinalis capitis
multifidus
rotator longus
what modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
what function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygaopophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
the greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebra occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
what motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation
ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6 vertebral couple
what muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
spinalis cervicis semispinalis cervicis semispinalis thoracis multifidus rotators interspinalis
what will form the unique anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of luschka
what muscles attach to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
what is the orientation of the SUPERIOR articular facet of C1?
BUM
backward
upward
medial
what is the orientation of the INFERIOR articular facet of C1?
BMD
backward
medial
downward
what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
Levator scapula
Splenius cervicis
Rectus capitis anterior
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
male: 50 millimeters
females: 37 millimeters
what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
ligamentum nuchae
what is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7
what names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or
retroarticular canal
ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?
all populations studied thus far
what is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1%-41%
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
Rectus capitis anterior Rectus capitis lateralis Middle scalene Levator scapula Splenius cervicis Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Intertransversarii muscles
what is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
inferior vertebral notch and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
what is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
what suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Rectus capitis posterior major
Obliquus capitis inferior
what are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
what are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
lateral mass and transverse process of atlas
what opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
retrotransverse foramen
what are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
vertebral artery
branch from the suboccipital nerve
veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
what is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery
vertebral venous plexus
postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 mm
females: 72 mm
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 mm for both males and females
how many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
5
what synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
2 superior articular facets
2 inferior articular facets
fovea dentis
what names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
how many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
5
what joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis
groove for transverse atlantal ligament
attachment sites for alar ligaments
attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior
kyphotic dens
how many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
5
what joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of C2?
10
what attached to the lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inferior
Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
Ligamentum flavum
what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
BUL
backward
upward
lateral
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
FoLD
forward
lateral
down
what muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
male: 57 mm
females: 50 mm
what muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
Levator scapulae Middle scalene Splenius cervicis Longissimus cervicis Intertransversarii
what is the characteristic appearance of C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
