Regionalism and the Global South Flashcards
What are the Cold War terms for classifying the world?
First world: Western democracies
Second world: SU and Communist World
Third world: non-aligned states (incoherent categorisation)
What does the Global South broadly refer to?
Regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa and Oceania
The Global South has a conflict interest with whom?
Industrialised powers
What does the Global South reference?
An entire history of colonialism, neo-imperialism, differential economic and social change through which large inequalities are maintained.
The Global South has how much population and how much wealth?
80% of population, 20% of wealth
What are the characteristics of the Global South?
Mostly non-democratic
Technologically underdeveloped
Rapid population growth
Overstreteched resources
What are the 5 principles of non-alignment?
- Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
- Mutual non-aggression
- Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
- Equality and mutual benefit
- Peaceful co-existance
Which conference in which year established South-South Cooperation (SSC)?
1955 Asian-African Bandung Conference
What are the foundations of SSC?
Economic and cultural cooperation
Human Rights
The Promotion of World Peace
What are the main outcomes of SSC?
Third world solidarity
Challenge colony-metropole vertical relations that were inhibiting global south relations.
Establishment of the Non-Alignment Movement (non inteference, non alignment)
How does Nye define regionalism?
“Regionalism could be defined as preferential cooperation among nations that are relocated in terms of geographical proximity, with certain common characteristics such as historical, cultural, political and so forth. The objective of cooperation might be economic, political or cultural in nature”.
What is regionalism as a political process?
Cooperation among states for establishing institutions to bring about cooperation in a region.
What is regionalism as an economic process?
Market integration associated with cross border flow of capital, people, products and technology within specific area.
What was the purpose of first wave regionalism (1940s to 1960s)?
Power, security, interest
- Multipurpose institutions: The LEague of Arab States (LAS), the Organisation of American States (OAS), the Organisation of African Unity (OAU)- 1940s
- Security alliances like NATO, CENTO, Warsaw Pact- 1950s
- Economically focused institutions: European Community- 1958
What was the purpose of second wave regionalism (1965-85)?
Mostly security
Developing states
Small steps to improve regional self-sufficiency and cooperation
Consolidation of sovereignty and autonomy
Name a few examples of sub-regional level of ‘pan’ based organisations formed during the second wave of regionalism (1965-85)
Islamic Cooperation Organisation (ICO)
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
What were the contributing factors to third wave regionalism?
Expierience of Western Europe (Maastricht Treaty)
Security regionalism:
- Self help system of weaker states
- Agenda setting opportunity for stronger regional states
- Ideational marking
Diversity of forums and organisations
What are the developments in the Third wave of regionalism?
Emergence of new organisations
Reform of existing organisations
Name a few examples of new organisations formed during the third wave of regionalism
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC)
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
What is regionalism like in the Global South?
Sovereignty/ autonomy assured
Appreciating ideational factors
“Trying to be independent of discriminatory multinational channels such as WTO”
Systematic efforts to create frameworks offering policy and development options for the emerging and developing world (Saran, Sharan).
How is the Global South a driving force for a new world order?
Addressing the global economic condition
Reforming financial and regulatory institutions
Improving cooperation on international issues which would have a direct impact on them and would also affect much of the developing world.
Whose idea was BRICS?
Jim O’Neil, chairman of Goldman Sachs
When did the first diplomatic meeting between the BRICS happen?
2009
BRICS is a platform for what?
“Platform aiming for both political (short term) as well as economic (long term) alliances within a multinational system.
BRICS account for how much of the world’s population?
42%
BRICS account for how much of world’s land territory?
26%
BRICS account for how much of the world’s GDP?
27%
How much voting power do BRICS have in the World Bank and the IMF?
13% in World Bank
15% in IMF
BRICS have contributed how much to world economic growth during the past 10 years?
More than 50%
What are the BRICS goals?
Policy coordination within G20
Strengthen South-South cooperation
Promote UN reform
Resistance against US unilateralism (2018 Johannesburg Summit).
Joined forces to create an approach outside Western dominated institutions: New Development Bank, Contingency Reserve Arrangements
