REGIONAL GROUNDWATER FLOW

Question 1

it is the recharge area of water

Answer 1

groundwater basin, watershed or catchment

Question 2

the movement of water is ______________

Answer 2

3 dimensional

Question 3

an area in which groundwater is discharged to the land surface, surface water, or atmosphere

Answer 3

groundwater discharge zone

Question 4

recharge area is usually at topographic________

Answer 4

high places

Question 5

high topography means the water table is ____

Answer 5

deep

Question 5

discharge area is usually at topographic________

Answer 5

low

Question 5

usually topographic high places

deeper water tablo

Answer 5

Recharge-

Question 5

-topographic lows

• shallow water table

-spring, seep, lake or streams

-vegetation: wet soils

-arid: thicker veg cover or salt deposit

Answer 5

Discharge

Question 5

true or false: law elevation means low-pressure area which is why it is the discharge area

Answer 5

true

Question 6

water age of unconfined aquifer

Answer 6

younger

Question 6

water age of confined aquifer

Answer 6

older

Question 6

• a line in a 2 dimensional groundwater flow field such that the total hydraulic head is the same everywhere on the surface

Answer 6

Equipotential Line

Question 7

-connects points or equal head and thus represents the height of the water table/ or Potentiometeric surface of a confined aquifer, above a datum plane

Answer 7

Equipotential lines

Question 8

-idealized paths followed by particles of water as they move through the aquifer

Answer 8

Flow lines

Question 9

played a role in the settlement pattern of many lands

• permanent or ephemeral

spots provide simple mechanism of springs

Answer 9

Spring-

Spring

Topographic lows-

Question 10

-contact with heat source

though to have therapeutic value

Answer 10

Mineralized and thermal springs

Question 11

forms when water table reaches the surface

Answer 11

depression spring

Question 12

spring caused by depression

Answer 12

depression spring

Question 13

spring caused by bedding

Answer 13

contact spring

Question 14

spring caused by fault

Answer 14

fault spring

Question 15

spring caused by dissolved limestone or cave system

Answer 15

sinkhole spring or solution spring

Question 16

spring due to highly jointed material

Answer 16

joint spring

Question 17

spring caused by fracture

Answer 17

fracture spring

Question 18

some of the largest springs are found in _________

Answer 18

limestone bedrock

Question 19

All surface-water features (streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and estuaries) interact with groundwater.

These interactions take many forms. In many situations, surface-water bodies gain water and solutes from ground-water systems, and in others, the surface-water body is a source of groundwater recharge and causes changes in groundwater quality.

As a result, withdrawal of water from streams can deplete groundwater or conversely, pumpage of groundwater can deplete water in streams, lakes, or wetlands.

Answer 19

Groundwater and Surface-Water Interactions

Question 20

is concerned with the distribution of earth material as they affect porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the earth.

Answer 20

Hydrogeologist

Question 21

is a gently sloping plain consisting of alluvium.

It is normally delimited by uplands on either side that rise above the level of the valley to varying heights.

More specifically, the alluvial valley of a given stream is that portion of its alluvial plain upstream from its deltaic plain

Answer 21

Alluvial Valleys

Question 22

A very real hindrance to ground-water exploration.

A formation may change in lithology from one locality to another accounts for some of the difficulties associated with studies of sedimentary rock units.

Answer 22

Complex Stratigraphy

Question 23

can create very complex hydrogeologic systems, in which the determination of the locations of recharge and discharge zones and flow systems is confounded.

Not only must the hydrogeologist determine the hydraulic characteristics of rock units and measure ground-water levels in wells to determine flow systems, but detailed geology must also be evaluated.

In most cases, the basic geologic structure will have already been determined; however, logs of test wells and borings must be reconciled with the preexisting geologic knowledge.

Answer 23

Folding and faulting of sedimentary rocks

Question 24

• based on primary permeability is a function of grain size, shape, and sorting of the original sediments

Answer 24

Hydraulic conductivity (clastic)

Question 25

t of f: Cementation cannot perform K

Question 26

Desert areas receive 10 (______) of precipitation or less each year.

Cold deserts, such as Antarctica, can have great accumulations of water. In warm deserts, however, the potential evapotranspiration may be many times the annual precipitation.

Under such conditions, there is often virtually no local ground-water recharge. Yet, some warm deserts can have large volumes of fresh water stored beneath them.

Answer 26

25 cm

Question 27

They are regional features, bounded on the continental side by highlands and seaward by a coastline.

Coastal plains exist in areas of stable basement rock as well as in those areas where the basement is sinking.

The coastal plain may include large areas of former sea floor, and the geology of the coastal zone may be very similar to that of the adjacent continental shelf.

Answer 27

Coastal-Plain Aquifers

Question 28

Aquifers located next to tidal bodies are subjected to short-term fluctuations in the head, due to the tide.

Answer 28

Tidal Effect