regional anatomy

Question 1

What are the two major type of joints between vertebrae?

Answer 1

symphyses and synovial

Question 2

Where are symphyses in the back located?

Answer 2

between vertebral bodies

Fig 2.31

Question 3

where are synovial joints in the back located?

Answer 3

between articular processes

Fig 2.32

Question 4

how many synovial and symphyses joints doe a typical vertebra have

Answer 4

6 total
4 synovial
2 symphyses

Question 5

what movements are made by the vertebral column?

Answer 5

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation and circumduction.

Question 6

How are symphysis formed, layer and whats in between?

Answer 6

hyaline cartilage layer

intervertrebral disc

Question 7

What does the intervertrebral disc consits of?

Answer 7

outer anulus fibrosus

an nucleus pulposus

Question 8

anulus fibrosus;name outerring and what does it surround?

Answer 8

collagen surrounds fibrocartilage

Question 9

How is the arrangement of the fibrocartilage in a intervertebral disc callled? and whats is its effect?

Answer 9

lamellar

limits rotation between vertebrae

Question 10

what is the nucleus pulposus? and effect

Answer 10

gelatinous

absorbs compression forces

Question 11

What can degenerative changes in the anulus fibrosus cause? and what can that cause?

Answer 11

(posterolateral) herniation

impinge roots of a spinal nerve in the intervertrebral foramen

Question 12

how is the synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae called?

Answer 12

zygapophysial joint

Question 13

what and where is a zygapophysial joint ?

Answer 13

joint between arches, between superior and inferior articular processes,

Question 14

how does a zygapohysial joint slope in cervical region? and what movements can it make there

Answer 14

slope inferiorly from anterior to posterior,

flexion and extension

Question 15

how does a zygapohysial joint orientate in thoracic regions? and what movements?

Answer 15

vertically

limits flexion and extension, but facilitates rotation.

Question 16

how does a zygapohysial joint shape in lumbar region and what does this do. and what movements?

Answer 16

curved, which interlock adjacent processes.

limiting ragnge of movements, but still flexion and extensions are major movements.

Question 17

what region do uncovertebral joints appear?

Answer 17

cervical

Question 18

what are uncinite processes and what do they form>

Answer 18

crest on lateral of upper surface of cervical vertebae that can articulate with vertebral body above forming uncovertebral joints

Question 19

Back pain; no cause found, so the pain is attributed to mechinal discomfort, name a threatment?

Answer 19

pass needle into the facet joint and inject it with local anesthetic and corticosteroid

Question 20

What do ligaments of the vertebrae reinforce and how?

Answer 20

joints between vertebrae

by interconnect components of the vertebral arches.

Question 21

the anterior logitudinal ligament; to what attached superiorly and inferiorly

Answer 21

base of the skull
anterior surface of the sacrum
(atached to vertrebral bodies and intervertrebral discs)

Question 22

the posterior longitudinal ligament; what surface of vertebral body and vertebral canal?

Answer 22

posterior surface of vertebral body

anterior of the canal

Question 23

what is the tectorial memebrane (location (which vertebrae etc))

Answer 23

a upper part of the posterior longitudinal ligament that connect CII to the intercranial aspect of the skull.

Question 24

Ligament flava locations

consits of elastic tissue

Answer 24

posterior surface of lamina vertebra below to anterior surface of the lamina of the vertebra above.

Question 25

function ligamenta flava?

Answer 25

resist separation laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to the anatomical position.

Question 26

the supraspinous ligament; location connection vertebra and column

Answer 26

tips of vertebral spinous processes;

from CVII to the sacrum

Question 27

the ligamentum nuchae; location column

Answer 27

CVII to the skull

Question 28

ligamentum nuchea triangular, where is the base fig 2.37

Answer 28

from the external occipital protuberance to the foramen of the skull

Question 29

what does the ligamentum nuchea support and resit/facilitates.

Answer 29

support the head
resists flexion
assist returning the head tot he anatomical position.
attachment for adjacent muscles

Question 30

Interspinous ligament: location

Answer 30

between adjecent vertebral spinous processes, also between supraspinous ligament posteriorly and ligamenta flava anteriorly.

Question 31

what is the ligamenta flava and froms what part of the canal?

Answer 31

elastic tissue that froms posterior part of the canal.

Question 32

what is the external occipital protuberance

Answer 32

posterior tip of the ligamentum nuchae of the skull