Conceptual overview Flashcards
What is the location of the cervical vertebrae
The upper vertebrae, by the neck
amount of cervical vertebrae
7
Location of thoracic vertebrae
2nd upper, chest
Location of lumbar vertebrae
below thoractic. 3rd
amount of thoracic vertebrae
12
amount of lumbar vertebrae
5
Location of sacrum
below lumbar 4rd
amount of sacral vertebrae
5
Coccyx Vertebrae
3 to 4 vertebrae that make up the tail bone
amount of vertebrae
33 (fig. 2.5)
primary curvature when and shape
curves of the spine present at birth; concave anteriorly
secondary curvature function and shape
brings the center of gravity into a vertical line, least amount of muscular energy to maintain an upright bipedal stance; concave posteriorly.
movements extrinsic muscles of the back
move upper limbs and ribs/ thoracic wall
intrinsic muscles of the back (what movements?)
Maintain posture and move the vertebral column; flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation (see Fig. 2.3).
primary curvatures
thoracic and sacral
secondary curvatures
cervical and lumbar
The back’s skeletal framework consists of
the vertebrae, proximal elements of the ribs, superior aspects of the pelvic bones, and posterior basal regions of the skull. (see fig. 2.1)
what do the skeletal and muscular elements of the back support
bodys weight, transmit forces through the pelvis to the lower limbs, carry and position the head, and brace and help maneuver the upper limbs.
are movement between two vertebrae limited
yes, but additive along the length of the vertebrae column.
thoracic relative to lumbar region
movement thoracic is limited
how does the back protect the nervous system
the vertebral column contain the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves.
what does a typical vertebra consist of?
vertebral body and vertebral arch
characteristics vertebral body
anterior
weightbearing component
increases in size from vertebra CII to LV
fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs seperate the vertebral bodys from other vertebrae
how is the vertebral arch anchored
firmly, with two pedicles to the posterior surface of the vertebral body. (fig 2.6)
how are the wall called, which the vertebral arches (body) form.
lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal
the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal, where can they be found? and what does it contain?
it extends from CI to SV. This bony canal contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with blood vessels, connective tissue, fat and proximal parts of spinal nerves.
What are the characteristic projections of the vertebral arch?
attachments for muscles and ligaments
levers for the action of muscles
sites of articulation (beweging;gewricht) with adjacent vertebrae
Does a vertebra contain costal elements?
yes, in the thorax, these rib elements are large and form ribs.
how are the muscles of the back classified?
extrinsic or inintrinsic, based on their embryological origin and type of innervation. Fig. 2.7
By what are the extrinsic muscles innervated?
by anterior rami of spinal nerves
to what are the superficial group and intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles related.
superficial group: upper limbs
intermediate layer: thoracic wall
By what are the intrinsic muscles innervated?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
What is the position of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
deep in position
what do Intrinsic muscles support or move?
the vertebral column, participate in moving the head, one group also moves the ribs
By what is the anterior wall formed?
vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and associated ligaments
by what are the lateral walls and roof formed?
vertebral arches and ligaments.
By what is the spinalcord surrounded in the vertebral canal and what are they called?
by three connective tissue membranes, the meninges.
- pia mater
- arachnoid mater
- dura meter
what is the place of the Pia meter?
innermost membrane
What is the place of the arachnoid mater and how separated+ name fluid?
is separted from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
What is the dura mater and place
thickest and most external of the 3 membranes, lies next but not attached to the arachnoid mater
How is the dura mater separated from the surrounding bone?
by an extradural space containing loose tissue, fat and a venous plexus
How many pair of spinal nerves?
31
where do spinal nerves emerge from?
the vertebral canal, between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.
How many pairs of , cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and coccygeal nervers are there per region?
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1 to C8) 12 thoracic (T1 to T12) five lumbar (L1 to L5) five sacral (S1 to S5) one coccygeal (Co)
by what is each nerve attached to the spinal cord?
by a posterior and anterior root. (fig 2.9)
in what two branches of nerves does each spinal nerve branche into?
posterior and anterior ramus. (fig 2.9)
what does the posterior ramus innervate?
the back (its smaller than anterior)
what does the anterior ramus innervate?
Most other regions of the body, except for the back and head.
what are the nerves which predominantly innervate the head called?
mostly, cranial nerves, but not exclusive.
Difference somatic and visceral nervous system?
somatic= voluntarily body movements via skeletal muscles visceral= largely unconscious, regulates body systems.
Which branch of nerves form the major somatic plexuses and major visceral components of the PNS of the body?
anterior rami (plural for ramus)
What does the cervical region support and move?
and what does it transmit/carry.
support and moves the head
transmits, spinal cord and vertebral arteries between head and neck.
fig 10
how is brain supplied with blood (cervical region)
the vertebral arteries ascend in transverse processes of c6-c1, and then pass through foramen magnum. fig 2.10
What does the thoracic region support?
the thorax
what does the lumbar region support?
abdomen
what does the sacral region transmit +framwork for?
transmits weight to lower limbs thorugh the pelvic bones.
framework for the posterior aspects of the pelvis
From what regions do the anterior rami nerves emerge that innervate the upper and lower limbs?
cervival and lumbosacral levels. NO THORACIC
Why doesn’t the spinal cord extent the entire lenght of the vertebral canal?
vertrebral column grows much faster during devlopment
Where does the spinal cord in adults end?
LI and LII
(exceptions) TXII or between LII and LIII
Why does the spinal cord level of origin become increasingly dissociated from the vertebral column level of exit?
spinal nerves are increasingly oblique angles from vertebrae
and nerve root increasingly pass the canal for longer distances
Through what does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal?
intervertebral foramen
fig 2.12
where are intervertebral foramen formed
between adjacent vertebral arches
What can effect the function of a spinal nerve (regard to foramen)
any pathology that occludes or reduces the size of an intervertebral foramen.
To what does the cutaneous distribution of posterior rami extend? first explain cutaneous.
cutaneous= relation to skin
extends into the gluteal region of the lower limb and posterior aspects of the head.
fig 2.13!!!
why are lower back problems more common
stresses increase from cervical to lumbar
what vertebrae move and support the head?
C! and C2
what are internal carotid arteries
arteries that supply the brain
what dorsal rami might nog have cutaneous branches
L4 and L5
