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anatomy the back > Conceptual overview > Flashcards

Conceptual overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of the cervical vertebrae

A

The upper vertebrae, by the neck

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2
Q

amount of cervical vertebrae

A

7

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3
Q

Location of thoracic vertebrae

A

2nd upper, chest

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4
Q

Location of lumbar vertebrae

A

below thoractic. 3rd

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5
Q

amount of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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6
Q

amount of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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7
Q

Location of sacrum

A

below lumbar 4rd

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8
Q

amount of sacral vertebrae

A

5

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9
Q

Coccyx Vertebrae

A

3 to 4 vertebrae that make up the tail bone

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10
Q

amount of vertebrae

A

33 (fig. 2.5)

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11
Q

primary curvature when and shape

A

curves of the spine present at birth; concave anteriorly

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12
Q

secondary curvature function and shape

A

brings the center of gravity into a vertical line, least amount of muscular energy to maintain an upright bipedal stance; concave posteriorly.

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13
Q

movements extrinsic muscles of the back

A

move upper limbs and ribs/ thoracic wall

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14
Q

intrinsic muscles of the back (what movements?)

A

Maintain posture and move the vertebral column; flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation (see Fig. 2.3).

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15
Q

primary curvatures

A

thoracic and sacral

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16
Q

secondary curvatures

A

cervical and lumbar

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17
Q

The back’s skeletal framework consists of

A

the vertebrae, proximal elements of the ribs, superior aspects of the pelvic bones, and posterior basal regions of the skull. (see fig. 2.1)

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18
Q

what do the skeletal and muscular elements of the back support

A

bodys weight, transmit forces through the pelvis to the lower limbs, carry and position the head, and brace and help maneuver the upper limbs.

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19
Q

are movement between two vertebrae limited

A

yes, but additive along the length of the vertebrae column.

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20
Q

thoracic relative to lumbar region

A

movement thoracic is limited

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21
Q

how does the back protect the nervous system

A

the vertebral column contain the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves.

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22
Q

what does a typical vertebra consist of?

A

vertebral body and vertebral arch

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23
Q

characteristics vertebral body

A

anterior
weightbearing component
increases in size from vertebra CII to LV

fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs seperate the vertebral bodys from other vertebrae

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24
Q

how is the vertebral arch anchored

A

firmly, with two pedicles to the posterior surface of the vertebral body. (fig 2.6)

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25
Q

how are the wall called, which the vertebral arches (body) form.

A

lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal

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26
Q

the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal, where can they be found? and what does it contain?

A

it extends from CI to SV. This bony canal contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with blood vessels, connective tissue, fat and proximal parts of spinal nerves.

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27
Q

What are the characteristic projections of the vertebral arch?

A

attachments for muscles and ligaments
levers for the action of muscles
sites of articulation (beweging;gewricht) with adjacent vertebrae

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28
Q

Does a vertebra contain costal elements?

A

yes, in the thorax, these rib elements are large and form ribs.

29
Q

how are the muscles of the back classified?

A

extrinsic or inintrinsic, based on their embryological origin and type of innervation. Fig. 2.7

30
Q

By what are the extrinsic muscles innervated?

A

by anterior rami of spinal nerves

31
Q

to what are the superficial group and intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles related.

A

superficial group: upper limbs

intermediate layer: thoracic wall

32
Q

By what are the intrinsic muscles innervated?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

33
Q

What is the position of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

deep in position

34
Q

what do Intrinsic muscles support or move?

A

the vertebral column, participate in moving the head, one group also moves the ribs

35
Q

By what is the anterior wall formed?

A

vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and associated ligaments

36
Q

by what are the lateral walls and roof formed?

A

vertebral arches and ligaments.

37
Q

By what is the spinalcord surrounded in the vertebral canal and what are they called?

A

by three connective tissue membranes, the meninges.

  1. pia mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. dura meter
38
Q

what is the place of the Pia meter?

A

innermost membrane

39
Q

What is the place of the arachnoid mater and how separated+ name fluid?

A

is separted from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

40
Q

What is the dura mater and place

A

thickest and most external of the 3 membranes, lies next but not attached to the arachnoid mater

41
Q

How is the dura mater separated from the surrounding bone?

A

by an extradural space containing loose tissue, fat and a venous plexus

42
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves?

A

31

43
Q

where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

the vertebral canal, between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.

44
Q

How many pairs of , cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and coccygeal nervers are there per region?

A 
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1 to C8)
12 thoracic (T1 to T12)
five lumbar (L1 to L5)
five sacral (S1 to S5)
one coccygeal (Co)
45
Q

by what is each nerve attached to the spinal cord?

A

by a posterior and anterior root. (fig 2.9)

46
Q

in what two branches of nerves does each spinal nerve branche into?

A

posterior and anterior ramus. (fig 2.9)

47
Q

what does the posterior ramus innervate?

A

the back (its smaller than anterior)

48
Q

what does the anterior ramus innervate?

A

Most other regions of the body, except for the back and head.

49
Q

what are the nerves which predominantly innervate the head called?

A

mostly, cranial nerves, but not exclusive.

50
Q

Difference somatic and visceral nervous system?

A 
somatic= voluntarily body movements via skeletal muscles
visceral= largely unconscious, regulates body systems.
51
Q

Which branch of nerves form the major somatic plexuses and major visceral components of the PNS of the body?

A

anterior rami (plural for ramus)

52
Q

What does the cervical region support and move?

and what does it transmit/carry.

A

support and moves the head
transmits, spinal cord and vertebral arteries between head and neck.
fig 10

53
Q

how is brain supplied with blood (cervical region)

A

the vertebral arteries ascend in transverse processes of c6-c1, and then pass through foramen magnum. fig 2.10

54
Q

What does the thoracic region support?

A

the thorax

55
Q

what does the lumbar region support?

A

abdomen

56
Q

what does the sacral region transmit +framwork for?

A

transmits weight to lower limbs thorugh the pelvic bones.

framework for the posterior aspects of the pelvis

57
Q

From what regions do the anterior rami nerves emerge that innervate the upper and lower limbs?

A

cervival and lumbosacral levels. NO THORACIC

58
Q

Why doesn’t the spinal cord extent the entire lenght of the vertebral canal?

A

vertrebral column grows much faster during devlopment

59
Q

Where does the spinal cord in adults end?

A

LI and LII

(exceptions) TXII or between LII and LIII

60
Q

Why does the spinal cord level of origin become increasingly dissociated from the vertebral column level of exit?

A

spinal nerves are increasingly oblique angles from vertebrae

and nerve root increasingly pass the canal for longer distances

61
Q

Through what does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal?

A

intervertebral foramen

fig 2.12

62
Q

where are intervertebral foramen formed

A

between adjacent vertebral arches

63
Q

What can effect the function of a spinal nerve (regard to foramen)

A

any pathology that occludes or reduces the size of an intervertebral foramen.

64
Q

To what does the cutaneous distribution of posterior rami extend? first explain cutaneous.

A

cutaneous= relation to skin

extends into the gluteal region of the lower limb and posterior aspects of the head.
fig 2.13!!!

65
Q

why are lower back problems more common

A

stresses increase from cervical to lumbar

66
Q

what vertebrae move and support the head?

A

C! and C2

67
Q

what are internal carotid arteries

A

arteries that supply the brain

68
Q

what dorsal rami might nog have cutaneous branches

A

L4 and L5

anatomy the back (4 decks)

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