Conceptual overview

Question 1

What is the location of the cervical vertebrae

Answer 1

The upper vertebrae, by the neck

Question 2

amount of cervical vertebrae

Answer 2

7

Question 3

Location of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 3

2nd upper, chest

Question 4

Location of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 4

below thoractic. 3rd

Question 5

amount of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 5

12

Question 6

amount of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 6

5

Question 7

Location of sacrum

Answer 7

below lumbar 4rd

Question 8

amount of sacral vertebrae

Answer 8

5

Question 9

Coccyx Vertebrae

Answer 9

3 to 4 vertebrae that make up the tail bone

Question 10

amount of vertebrae

Answer 10

33 (fig. 2.5)

Question 11

primary curvature when and shape

Answer 11

curves of the spine present at birth; concave anteriorly

Question 12

secondary curvature function and shape

Answer 12

brings the center of gravity into a vertical line, least amount of muscular energy to maintain an upright bipedal stance; concave posteriorly.

Question 13

movements extrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 13

move upper limbs and ribs/ thoracic wall

Question 14

intrinsic muscles of the back (what movements?)

Answer 14

Maintain posture and move the vertebral column; flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation (see Fig. 2.3).

Question 15

primary curvatures

Answer 15

thoracic and sacral

Question 16

secondary curvatures

Answer 16

cervical and lumbar

Question 17

The back’s skeletal framework consists of

Answer 17

the vertebrae, proximal elements of the ribs, superior aspects of the pelvic bones, and posterior basal regions of the skull. (see fig. 2.1)

Question 18

what do the skeletal and muscular elements of the back support

Answer 18

bodys weight, transmit forces through the pelvis to the lower limbs, carry and position the head, and brace and help maneuver the upper limbs.

Question 19

are movement between two vertebrae limited

Answer 19

yes, but additive along the length of the vertebrae column.

Question 20

thoracic relative to lumbar region

Answer 20

movement thoracic is limited

Question 21

how does the back protect the nervous system

Answer 21

the vertebral column contain the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves.

Question 22

what does a typical vertebra consist of?

Answer 22

vertebral body and vertebral arch

Question 23

characteristics vertebral body

Answer 23

anterior
weightbearing component
increases in size from vertebra CII to LV

fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs seperate the vertebral bodys from other vertebrae

Question 24

how is the vertebral arch anchored

Answer 24

firmly, with two pedicles to the posterior surface of the vertebral body. (fig 2.6)

Question 25

how are the wall called, which the vertebral arches (body) form.

Answer 25

lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal

Question 26

the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal, where can they be found? and what does it contain?

Answer 26

it extends from CI to SV. This bony canal contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with blood vessels, connective tissue, fat and proximal parts of spinal nerves.

Question 27

What are the characteristic projections of the vertebral arch?

Answer 27

attachments for muscles and ligaments levers for the action of muscles sites of articulation (beweging;gewricht) with adjacent vertebrae

Question 28

Does a vertebra contain costal elements?

Answer 28

yes, in the thorax, these rib elements are large and form ribs.

Question 29

how are the muscles of the back classified?

Answer 29

extrinsic or inintrinsic, based on their embryological origin and type of innervation. Fig. 2.7

Question 30

By what are the extrinsic muscles innervated?

Answer 30

by anterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 31

to what are the superficial group and intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles related.

Answer 31

superficial group: upper limbs | intermediate layer: thoracic wall

Question 32

By what are the intrinsic muscles innervated?

Answer 32

posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 33

What is the position of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

Answer 33

deep in position

Question 34

what do Intrinsic muscles support or move?

Answer 34

the vertebral column, participate in moving the head, one group also moves the ribs

Question 35

By what is the anterior wall formed?

Answer 35

vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and associated ligaments

Question 36

by what are the lateral walls and roof formed?

Answer 36

vertebral arches and ligaments.

Question 37

By what is the spinalcord surrounded in the vertebral canal and what are they called?

Answer 37

by three connective tissue membranes, the meninges. 1. pia mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. dura meter

Question 38

what is the place of the Pia meter?

Answer 38

innermost membrane

Question 39

What is the place of the arachnoid mater and how separated+ name fluid?

Answer 39

is separted from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 40

What is the dura mater and place

Answer 40

thickest and most external of the 3 membranes, lies next but not attached to the arachnoid mater

Question 41

How is the dura mater separated from the surrounding bone?

Answer 41

by an extradural space containing loose tissue, fat and a venous plexus

Question 42

How many pair of spinal nerves?

Answer 42

31

Question 43

where do spinal nerves emerge from?

Answer 43

the vertebral canal, between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.

Question 44

How many pairs of , cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacral and coccygeal nervers are there per region?

Answer 44

``` 8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1 to C8) 12 thoracic (T1 to T12) five lumbar (L1 to L5) five sacral (S1 to S5) one coccygeal (Co) ```

Question 45

by what is each nerve attached to the spinal cord?

Answer 45

by a posterior and anterior root. (fig 2.9)

Question 46

in what two branches of nerves does each spinal nerve branche into?

Answer 46

posterior and anterior ramus. (fig 2.9)

Question 47

what does the posterior ramus innervate?

Answer 47

the back (its smaller than anterior)

Question 48

what does the anterior ramus innervate?

Answer 48

Most other regions of the body, except for the back and head.

Question 49

what are the nerves which predominantly innervate the head called?

Answer 49

mostly, cranial nerves, but not exclusive.

Question 50

Difference somatic and visceral nervous system?

Answer 50

``` somatic= voluntarily body movements via skeletal muscles visceral= largely unconscious, regulates body systems. ```

Question 51

Which branch of nerves form the major somatic plexuses and major visceral components of the PNS of the body?

Answer 51

anterior rami (plural for ramus)

Question 52

What does the cervical region support and move? | and what does it transmit/carry.

Answer 52

support and moves the head transmits, spinal cord and vertebral arteries between head and neck. fig 10

Question 53

how is brain supplied with blood (cervical region)

Answer 53

the vertebral arteries ascend in transverse processes of c6-c1, and then pass through foramen magnum. fig 2.10

Question 54

What does the thoracic region support?

Answer 54

the thorax

Question 55

what does the lumbar region support?

Answer 55

abdomen

Question 56

what does the sacral region transmit +framwork for?

Answer 56

transmits weight to lower limbs thorugh the pelvic bones. | framework for the posterior aspects of the pelvis

Question 57

From what regions do the anterior rami nerves emerge that innervate the upper and lower limbs?

Answer 57

cervival and lumbosacral levels. NO THORACIC

Question 58

Why doesn't the spinal cord extent the entire lenght of the vertebral canal?

Answer 58

vertrebral column grows much faster during devlopment

Question 59

Where does the spinal cord in adults end?

Answer 59

LI and LII | (exceptions) TXII or between LII and LIII

Question 60

Why does the spinal cord level of origin become increasingly dissociated from the vertebral column level of exit?

Answer 60

spinal nerves are increasingly oblique angles from vertebrae | and nerve root increasingly pass the canal for longer distances

Question 61

Through what does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal?

Answer 61

intervertebral foramen | fig 2.12

Question 62

where are intervertebral foramen formed

Answer 62

between adjacent vertebral arches

Question 63

What can effect the function of a spinal nerve (regard to foramen)

Answer 63

any pathology that occludes or reduces the size of an intervertebral foramen.

Question 64

To what does the cutaneous distribution of posterior rami extend? first explain cutaneous.

Answer 64

cutaneous= relation to skin extends into the gluteal region of the lower limb and posterior aspects of the head. fig 2.13!!!

Question 65

why are lower back problems more common

Answer 65

stresses increase from cervical to lumbar

Question 66

what vertebrae move and support the head?

Answer 66

C! and C2

Question 67

what are internal carotid arteries

Answer 67

arteries that supply the brain

Question 68

what dorsal rami might nog have cutaneous branches

Answer 68

L4 and L5