regenerative medicine Flashcards
regenerative medicine’s goal is to
replace or reboot tissues or ogans damaged because of disease injury age, or other issues instead of treating symptoms with medication and procedures.
repair vs regeneration
repair____
restores tissue makeup and function
scar tissues
bloodvessel distruption, clotting and inflammatory responses
heals major types of damage
non-functional tissue
-can lead to structural abnormalities-this can alter certain organ function.
repair vs regeneration
regeneration
new growth completely restores part of damaged tissue
does not form scar tissue
proliferation of calls in the tissue
heals minor types of damages
functional tissues
healing with no permanent damage
repair examples
wound healing
skin is cut or screaped it causes bleeding, bllod clots formed to control the bleeding
created by platelet cells and contain fibrin
inflammation occurs due to opening of blood vessels to allow oxygen to the healing area
bloodcells help new tissue and we see scar formation
new tissue becomes stronger, in 3 months wound is 80% as strong as it was pre-injurt. it iwll never fully repair to 100% larger cuts and injuries may take up to years.
would healing phases
inflammatory phase, proliferative phase maturation phase
regeneration examples
liver cells change and divide until fully repaired unless they need more. can grow to normal size even if after 90% is removed
peripheral nervous system- schwann cells (myelin sheath) wrapped aroud axons are differentiated back into stem cells and bridge gaps to repair neurons
regeneration happens at three biological levels:
molecular, cellular, and tissue
molecular regeneration
this includes small molecules that are the building blocks of the body, like DNA,Fats, and caarbohydrates
cellular regeneration
this includes cell structures like neurons or axons that are responsible for cell growth and reproduction in your body
tissue regeneration
this includes blood, skin, bone, or muscle
stem cells
the bodys raw materials, cells from which other cells with specialized functions are generated
regeneration therapies and conditions are used for
1. type 1 diabetes
2. cardiobascular tissue repait
3. brain injury repair
4 immune system improvement
5 cell therapu
6 tissue engineering
7 skin wounds
8 certain cancers
9 bone tissue repair
and 10. organ transplants
t/f
true all of them
under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide and form more cells called _____
daughter cells.
daughter cells become either _____ stem cells or _____ with a more specified function.
new or specialized. examples blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle cells, one cells.
true or false no other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types. only stem cells.
true.
types of stem cells 4 types
embryonic stem cells, non-embryonic (adult) stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and cord and tissue stem cells
embryonic stem cells
can give rise to virtually any cell in the body
totipotent cells are
embryonic cells in 1-3 days
pluripotent cells are
embryonic stem cells from the embryo 4 and 5 days old
non-embryonic (adult) stem cells
cells from infant/children/adults. used by the body to repair and replace damaged tissue in the same area in which they are found.
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
adult cells turned into plutipotent cells.
to create ipscs, scientists genetically reprogram the adult cells so they can behave like ________________. .they can differentiate into various types of specialized cells.
to behave like embryonic stem cells.
cord and tissue stem cells
cord blood stem cells are harvested from the umbilical cord after child birth.
how are stem cells used in regenerative medicine?
- grow new cells in a laboratory to replace damaged organs or tissues
- correct parts of organs that don’t work properly
- research the causes of genetic defects in cells
- research how diseases occur in cells (i.e. cancer cells) andh ow to cure them.
sahsha, a girl bor nwith cerebral palsy was helped using
cord stem cells that her parents banked.
cellular therapies are designed to help the bodys imune system to fight cancer. human cells are ______ to replace or repair damaged tissues or cells.
cells are transplanted to replace or repair
til and tcr therapies can only target and eliminate cancer cells that present antigens in a certain context- scientists equip a patients t cells with a synthetic recptor known as ___. in ____t cell therapy
CAR- chimeric antigen receptor, t cell therapy.
harvest naturally occuring t cells that have already infiltrated a patients tumors, then activates and expands tham. after, a large numbers of these activated t cells are re-infused into patients, where they seek our and destroy tumors in this type of therapy.
expanding these gives the patient a larger army of immune cells that are already trained to fight tumors. in this therapy
tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy
involves taking t cells from patients, but instead of just activating and expanding the available anti-tumor t cells, the t cells can also be equipped with a new t cell receptor that enables them to target specific cancer antigens. this treatment can be tailored to a patients specific needs. in this type of therapy
Engineered T Cell (TCR) Therapy.
A type of cellular immunotherapy, just like car-t cell therapy. like t-cells, nk cells form part of the immune system and attack germs and other malignant cells in this ype. of therapy.
Natural Killer (NK) Cell Therapy
TIL therapy is differs from CAR T therapy because the cells have to be
genetically modified to recognize tumor cells.
how til therapy works in a therapy guided flow chart
isolation, activation, expansion re-infusion (more on 11/29 lecture slife). one time treatment, patients stay in hospital for a few days post treatment.
the practicce of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues is called.
what is tissue engineering?
tissue enginering how to have it ready to be done
cell isolation, cell expansion, 3d scaffold, tissue development, (growth factor in and cells in petridish type thing), and then implantation.
scaffold
porus, biodegradablea, biocompmatoble surface for cellular adhesion and proliferation made to withstand mechanical performance. ex bone tissue engineering. bio ceramics, polymers and metalic biomaterials/ sppongey like thing but hard, like a pumus stone i guess i think so anyway.
omething good for use for scaffolds in cartilage, bone, and tissue engineering that is porus, similar to a natural extra cellular matrix, requires a minimally invasive injection, and is able to match irregular defects. that also starts ar a regular tempreture and then solidify in the desired gel is called?
hydro gels like a replacement for cartilage. the knee thing nicolette mentioned. starts as a gel and then feels similar
how hydrogels work
cartilage bone defects + stem cells + cell speration, then cell proliferation, then cell cocultured with hydrogel to creat injectable
medical devices
are engineered robotics and tech machines created to support a failing organ or body part. ex VAD (ventricular assistive device)
