cloning and e Flashcards
a blastocyst is a source of what type of stem cell?
aunipotent
b. totipotent
c. multipotent
d.pluripotent
d pluripotent
THERE ARE CERTAIN ORGANS IN HUMAN THAT
ARE ABLE TO REGENERATE TO FULL FUNCTION
RATHER THAN HEALING/FORMING SCAR TISSUE.
A. True
B. False
ze liva tru
therapeutic cloning involves___ ___ or __
therapeutic cloning invloves growing new tissues or organs
reproductive cloning ____ new____ or____
reproductive cloning creates new individuals or animals
true or false therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is what we did in the bacterial transformation lab?
false its different. cloning a gene
the bacterial transfromation we did has the cloning process of
identifying, isolating, and making copies of a gene
how is cloning related to stem cells?
the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer which creates an embryo that is either implanted and allowed to develop there fore creating an individual. or the embryo can be used as a soutce of totipotent/pluripotent stem cells
can the method of creating induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS) cells (from adult cells) be used to clone people?
probably not/ pluripotent stem cells cannot differentiate into extra-embryonic cells, which form the placenta and are necessary for embryonic/fetal development.
t/f pluripotent stem cells cannot differentiate into extra-embryonic cells, which form the placenta ncessary for embryonic/fetal development.
true
what are clones
organisms with identical genetic material. the sewuence of bases in their DNA is exactly the same.
before dolly the sheep scientists made clones of cells within the labratory. tf.
true
a plant cutting is a clone t/f
true
when an embryonic egg cell start to change into different types of cells like skin cells, blood cells, muscle celles its called and although it has and is made of the same genetic material it only acess genes needed for its particular function
differentiation.
g0 state
similar state to embryonic cells.
t/f dolly the sheep looked exactly like the other sheep they cloned her from (the egg cell)
false. she was white faced when the other was black. she was the only one.
true or false dolly was created through utter cells
true
the second group to clone an animal from an adult cell was cloning
mice- not grown in culture but used directly injected into the eg cell with removed nucleus and replaced with a brown mouse the white host mother gave birth to cumulina named after the cumulus cells she was named after. same dna of the nucleus mother. sucesfully made several generations of clones.
t/f several animals have been cloned from the female cells
true
t/f scientists hope to clone organs that can be transplanted into humans
true
in 1966 ___ was cloned
dolly the sheep was cloned from adult cells. the udder cell of an adult sheet fused with enucleated egg. (rpelaced the nucleus)
t/f in 2010 dolly was again cloned four times from the same tissue that created dolly to create four new clones of dolly
true
t/f all cloned embryos are sucessful
false. 90% are not only 10% are sucessful
why might clones via somatic cell nuclear transfer suffer from premature aging?
as an organism ages and cells divide the protective dna caps at the end of the chromosomes, callled telomeres get shorter.
after many rounds of cell division the telomere will so short the cell no longer diveds becoming inactive or dying. the shortening process is associated with aging diseas and high risk of other things. dna in the nucleus of somatic cell will already have shortened telomeres in comparison with reproductive (sperm/egg) cells.
telomeres
end caps that protect the chromosome.
telomere length doesnt decline as we age.
false it does.
why do we have telomeres?
the rna primer that binds to the dna template as a starting point of replication for dna polymerase is not at the end of every chormosome
this means with each round of replication dna strand is a little bit shorter.
the chromosomes shorten by approximately 50-250 base pairs per round of cell division
if we didn’t have telomeres at the ends of each chromosome, we would potentially lose protein- coding DNA with each round of DNA replication/cell division.
telomerase
the enzyme that repairs (extends) telomeres is called
why don’t we start our lives with short telomeres if DNA is from our parents?
the enzyme telomerase is highly expressed in cells that divide rapidly– like reproductive and embryonic cells. somatic (body cells) have alow expression level of telomerase
somatic cells
body cell
are clones guaranteed to live shorter lives bc of “old” DNA?
not necessarily. the cloned cows from senescent epithelial cells had calves that showed extended telomeres equivalent to age-matched control calves.
cloning controversy
is it safe? french scientists restored theh hhyouth of 100-year-old-cells. should we use this technology to bring back extinct species?
what is viagen pets?
viagen is a compant that offers genetic preservation and cloning of cats, dogs and horses. cat=~35000 doc=~50000 horse=~=~85000
epigenetics
the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than the alteration of the genetic code itself. how the information in dna is used and how genese are inactivated or activated can cause individuals w same gentic info=exhibit diff traits. how DNA activates in genes. nature versus nurture. epigenetic traits can effect someones whole life. can be a good ling
rainbow and cc
the first cloned cats. december 22,2001 1/84 implanted embryos. is having a healthy life and had a litter of kittens the natural way in 2006.
if cc is a clone of rainbow, why don’t they look identical?
coat color is on x chromosomes, two alleles for the gene brown coat and orange coat. x-inactivatoin (lyonization) inactivates one copy of x chromososme to keep the genetic dosage the same, during the blastocyst stage each cell undergoes random lyonzation to be packaged tightly into a structure known as heterochromatin or barr body, that x chromosome is unable to be translated therefore the genes are not expressed. therefore the cell taken from rainbow to create cc was a cell that had the x chromosome with the orange allele inactivated.
nature vs nurture genetic determinism (vs epigenitics) not every thing is determined by dna sequencing. what is genetic dterminism?
the idea that everything about human beings is determined by our genes, regardless of environmental influences. there is a widespread agreement among thie scientific community that this is NOT true.
each of the approx 200 cell types in the body have its own genome but its own distinct epigenome t/f
true
social experiences can effect epigenetic genomes t/f
true
epigenetic traits can be passed onto the children
true
epigenenomic genomes are permenat tf
false can change depending on lifestyle
genomic imprinting is the
epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific maner.
humans are ___ diploid organisms, meaning that somatic cells contain two copies of each gene—- one from mom and one from dad t/f
true diploid organisms
for most autosomal genes, ecpression of bot halleles happen simultaneously t/f
true
for less than 1% of the genes, the gene is imprinted and ________ the allele for the genes is expressed, depending on the parental origin
only 1 copy of.
t/f the gene for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is only expressed from the allele inherited by the mother
false its inherited from the father.
the story of 2 cloned mice is an example of epigenetics in action t/f
true
