Regeneration EQ4

Question 1

What are the 3 measurements of regeneration?

Answer 1

• Economic regeneration
• Social progress
• Living environment

Question 2

What are economic measures of regeneration to measure success?

Answer 2

The aim of regeneration is to increase income and employment, and decrease poverty. Whether this aim is achieved directly or indirectly depends on the type of regeneration scheme.

Question 3

What is the national audit commission 2016?

Answer 3

They’re responsible for scrutinising public spending for the government. They produced a series of indicators of successful economic regeneration.

Question 4

How is deprivation measured?

Answer 4

Deprivation data are collected from Census Data (collected from 32,844 Lower Super Output Areas [LSOAs] in England. This data can then be collated into larger areas such as districts, counties or London boroughs.

IMD

Question 5

What happened in Barking and Dagenham?

Measures of successful regeneration:

Answer 5

1960s - Decline in the LD led to emigration of workers in Dagenham. People were employed in ford car manufacturing.
2002 - Global shift and development in technology led to the closure of ford.
2013 - Global shift led to closure of pharmaceutical companies.
2015 - High levels of unemployment- only 3200 ford workers.

Question 6

Barking town centre summary.

Answer 6

A 1960s concrete centre in need of refurbishment for retail, commercial and new residential spaces. By 2014, over 400 homes and 1000m3 of commercial space had been created. Received 2.6 million of investment. Scheme was rejected in 2020. Created 11000 homes. Still high levels of crime. Green infrastructure will be implemented.

Question 7

Barking riverside summary.

Answer 7

Site of a former power station, this is the largest regeneration site in London. So far it has made over 50 project proposals that will help the community vision come to life. The 4400 acre brownfield site has planning permission for 10800 homes. Creates up to 6000 jobs. Plans for 7 new residential neighbourhoods, 5 schools. Taken a long time to open open certain services. Networks like cycle paths have been implemented. Can’t see the river from the site as it’s blocked by buildings.

Question 8

What are 2 ways to measure the success of regeneration?

Answer 8

Indicators
Stakeholders

Question 9

What are the 3 types of investment?

Answer 9

• Public sector
• Public and private
• Private sector

Question 10

Public sector.

Answer 10

• London’s 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. The games cost £9.3 billion to host and are supported by the London Assembly and its mayor.
• Infrastructure= HS2

Question 11

Private sector.

Answer 11

Stratford Westfield centre is an example of retail-led regeneration which has created over 10,000 new jobs. Westfield, an Australian property company with a 50% stake in the centre, borrowed £700m to build it.

Question 12

Public and private sector.

Answer 12

• London docklands is market-led regeneration, although it actually involved a partnership between the government and property developers.
• NHS

Question 13

Why is regeneration harder in rural areas than in urban areas?

Answer 13

• Lower incomes
• Low population density
• Lack of infrastructure
• High relief
• Lack of investment
• Private investors prefer urban areas

Question 14

Who are the key players in rural regeneration?

Answer 14

• Local gov
• National gov
• Tourists
• TNCs
• Tourist boards
• National parks
• Private investors
• Community groups
• Local communities

Question 15

What was the role of the UK central government in the 2012 Olympics?

Answer 15

Sources of investment: Homes England, London legacy corporation.

Social/economic and/or environmental regeneration: 1500 new homes, 450 new affordable homes. Schools, green space, leisure centres and community facilities. A diverse range of high-quality businesses and employers.

Which players would they agree with? Balfour Beatty investments, LLDC, homes England.

Which players would they disagree with? Environmentalists

Question 16

What was the role of the local government (elected councils) in the 2012 Olympics?

Answer 16

Sources of investment: Tower Hamlets, Newham London, Hackney, Waltham Forest.

Social/economic and/or environmental regeneration: Bought 35% stake investment costing 40 million. Promised 11,000 jobs. Bringing more businesses to the area. Made wildlife area.

Which players would they agree with? Environmentalists because they’re investing in large green areas.

Which players would they disagree with? Local gov criticises for not creating jobs and pushing away residents.

Question 17

What was the role of the regional government (The London assembly) in the 2012 Olympics?

Answer 17

Sources of investment: London Thames gateway development Corporation. For Paris. Olympic delivery authorities planning decision team. TfL.

Social/economic and/or environmental regeneration: 125,000 jobs. Provides world-class venues and facilities and transport. They opened a new part.

Which players would they agree with? All the boroughs.

Question 18

What was the role of stakeholders in the local economy in the 2012 Olympics?

Answer 18

Sources of investment: London organising committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG)

Social/economic and/or environmental regeneration: Many new green areas, and shopping facilities e.g. Westfield. A new health centre. More diversity. Loss of jobs. 207 companies are compensated to move.

Which players would they agree with? Some residents. Families with young children.

Which players would they disagree with? Former businesses or companies.

Question 19

What was the role of environmental stakeholders in the 2012 Olympics?

Answer 19

Sources of investment: LOCOG (London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games)

Social/economic and/or environmental regeneration: Environmental regeneration. Olympic Park was built.

Which players would they agree with? The Olympic delivery authority set a target of 50% cut carbon emissions. Environmentalists.

Question 20

What was the role of stakeholders in people in the 2012 Olympics?

Answer 20

Sources of investment: LLDC.

Social/economic and/or environmental regeneration: social regeneration. Aim to home low-income people. Economic regeneration. The initial plan was to remodel the athletes’ village into 3000 affordable housing units.

Which players would they agree with? Low-income residents.

Which players would they disagree with? London assembly housing committee.

Question 21

Regeneration often attempts to improve the environmental quality by:

Answer 21

• Redeveloping derelict land and buildings, and removing contaminants (chemical and dangerous organic substances in the ground, a legacy of previous industrial use) from former industrial sites.
• Creating new parks and green spaces, planting trees and creating new lakes and wetlands.
• Putting in place new street furniture, pavements and lighting to improve the design of areas.
• Regenerating housing with double-glazing and insulation to reduce indoor noise, and damp problems and lower energy costs.

Question 22

These environmental improvements have a number of aims:

Answer 22

1. To reduce air pollution levels; this in turn improves people’s health
2. To create spaces for people to walk, play and practise sports, which in turn could lead to healthier, more active lifestyles.
3. To make urban environments safer, especially for children, pedestrians and cyclists.
4. To improve living conditions so people live in warm, dry, secure homes.

Question 23

Why is London Stratford an example of environmental improvement?

Answer 23

The 2012 London Olympics in Stratford, east London is a good example of environmental improvement, much of which occurred during the construction phase across an area of 350 ha of abandoned and derelict land, and is less obvious than the new sports facilities:

• 100 ha of new greenspace was created with 4000 trees after 600,000 tonnes of soil had been cleared of contaminants like arsenic, bitumen and ammonia.
• 3 km of rivers and canals were cleared, and in many cases, replanted.
• 230,000 cubic metres of contaminated groundwater were removed and cleaned.
• Most of the accommodations for athletes eventually became new homes for 2800 people, who live in a much cleaner environment than before the 2012 Olympics. In addition improvements in rail, bus routes and cycle routes improved transport in the area, potentially reducing air pollution.

Question 24

What Role Does the Media and Technology Play In Rural Regeneration?

Answer 24

• People can move to rural areas and work from home even though high-speed broadband connections tend to be focused in densely populated areas. This can be improved e.g. The Scottish Executive and the Highland Islands Enterprise (HIE) have funded a £70 million project to connect every community to high-speed broadband attracting small businesses who want a slower pace of life.
• Radio can cater to specific needs by discussing local issues in the local dialect helping people to feel more connected helping to rebrand and making people feel more positive. Stations can support local businesses.
• Rural areas can be rebranded into good locations for filming e.g. Stately homes are advertised for hiring by the National Trust which can be popular for period dramas like Pride and Prejudice. Downton Abbey has just been filmed in Alnwick! Filming can spark general interest and encourage more fans and tourists to visit.

Question 25

Overview of Cornwall as a rural location:

Answer 25

• In 2011, Cornwall had England’s lowest full-time average earnings, which at £25,155 per year were just 77% of the UK average.
• However, Cornwall Council believes that the average income figure is even lower when part-time workers are included. It claims that £21,993 is the real average (lots of seasonal workers in Cornwall).
• 20% of Cornwall’s working-age population earns less than the living wage (£7.45 per hour in 2015).

Question 26

Why was there a need for regeneration in Cornwall?

Answer 26

• Located in a remote rural area so isn’t well connected (a 5-hour drive to London), is a long way from core markers and job opportunities, not ideal for TNCs far from the UK’s core economic area of London- where most economic activity takes place.
• Used to be important for fishing and agriculture, was in need in higher-paid industries.
• Brain drain due to the lack of connectivity and lack of good jobs and so young people may want to migrate.
• NME, conflicts who like rural areas for peace and tranquillity, increasing second home ownership creating less affordable housing for locals.
• 20% of Cornwall’s working-age population earns less than a living wage.

Question 27

What are the rural disadvantages of regeneration?

Answer 27

• Low average incomes are typical of large bands of rural Britain.
• They have a lower population density - unable to maintain sufficient customers to make a profit
• Lack of rural investment leads to a lack of opportunity and high-income employment.
• Private investors prefer to invest in urban areas rather than rural areas.

Question 28

Who are the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration?

Answer 28

European Union:
- Initiated Objective One which has helped to boost the economy and created a range of opportunities for many people.
- Granted funding to areas with a GDP that is 75% of the EU average, and is therefore lagging behind.

National Lottery Funding:
Implemented encouraging slogans such as “young people first” and “pathways to work”.
- Funded the Eden Project. The Millennium Commission also has £37.5 million moving the total amount to £56 million

Private Individuals:
- Rick Stein opened up a fish restaurant in the declining seaside town of Padstow

Business interests
- Cornwall Tourist Board promotes and manages Cornwall as a tourist attraction
- Cornwall Farmers Ltd are a county-wide rural goods retailer
- BT supplying superfast broadband to the area

The South West Development Agency
- Use the government’s money to stimulate and regenerate the economy

• Environmental stakeholders, Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery and environment, the national trust, royal horticultural society and English heritage all own large areas of land (national trust involved)
• National government was responsible for Cornwall’s enterprise status in 2014 which arguably attracted investment. They also provided funds and a framework to local government.

Question 29

What conflict occurred between stakeholders in Cornwall?

Answer 29

• People vs local council and youth vs elders.
• The younger generation wants the area regenerated to have things like large shopping centres, clubs and affordable housing which would give them a reason to stay, preventing a brain drain. Elders want the area to stay quiet and feel more like a community, maintaining traditional features.
• Increased investment from gov could lead to conflict with local businesses who are in the tourism and primary sector as there are now more established companies which can outcompete local entrepreneurs, making them less supportive of the regeneration.

Question 30

What are Cornwall’s regeneration projects?

Answer 30

• Watergate bay, Newquay
• Combined universities in Cornwall
• Wave hub
• Super fast broadband
• Eden project

Question 31

What is watergate bay, Newquay?

Answer 31

Targets a young adult age group. It offers courses in surfing, wave skiing and kite surfing. Employs 50-60 people. Next door is a Jamie Oliver restaurant that trains local young people in catering from disadvantaged backgrounds. Open all year round.

Jamies 15 owned restaurant trains local disadvantaged young people aged 16-24 in catering. Professional chefs support young people as they work in kitchens/restaurants and train at Cornwall College. Profits from the restaurant fund for training and development. This closed in 2019 put 100 jobs at risk.

Question 32

What is combined universities?

Answer 32

Increase the available range of courses and develop and knowledge economy in Cornwall, Falmouth uni and Exeter. Helps graduates set up their own businesses, or secure a job and expand the knowledge community.

University of Exeter and Falmouth have combined to create the Universities in Cornwall (CUC). This aims to attract graduates and therefore businesses, reducing the ‘brain-drain’ effect that is occurring

Question 33

What is the wave hub?

Answer 33

The Wave Hub is a floating offshore wind and wave power research project. The project is developed approximately 10 miles (16 km) off Hayle, on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hub was installed on the seabed in September 2010, [1] and is a ‘socket’ sitting on the seabed for wave energy converters to be plugged into. It will have connections to it from arrays of up to four kinds of the wave energy converter. A cable from the hub to the mainland will take electrical power from the devices to the electric grid. The total capacity of the hub will be 20 MWe. The estimated cost of the project is £28 million. Will create 170 jobs. Generating 15% of the region power from renewable sources by 2010.

Question 34

What is the Eden project?

Answer 34

Consists of two large conservatories which exhibit the world’s major plant types as well as an education centre about sustainable care and living. Used to be a former china clay quarry.

+ Received £56 million from the national lottery.
+ Attracted 13 million visitors.
+ Generated £1.1bn for the Cornish economy.
+ Employed 650 people directly.
+ Food served there is from local farmers.
- The increased difficulty of full-time recruitment by 7%.
- Traffic has increased in the surrounding areas.
- Jobs are short-term due to the seasonality of tourism.
- Clashes between tourists and locals.

Question 35

What was done socially in Cornwall?

Answer 35

• Cornwall’s ‘old economy’ consisting of agriculture and fishing which was mainly primary sector jobs has declined with its biggest industry being tourism (tertiary sector) due to long coastlines, history and the Eden project (79% of the workforce is tertiary, many in tourism which are low paid and seasonal).
• Job opportunities have become widely available to youths. These new jobs open doors to them like moving to new locations. This would encourage students to study harder to live with a good QOL.
• Combined universities in Cornwall were made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain.
• Farm Diversification- many farm shops in Cornwall now sell homemade pasties, Cornish cheese, hand-made ice cream and award-winning beers and wines.
• Outdoor Pursuits- surfing, rock climbing and para-surfing are just some of the activities attracting tourism to Cornwall.

Question 36

What was done economically in Cornwall?

Answer 36

• Wave hub is a wave-power research project installed on the seabed in 2010, the project will earn £76 million over 25 years for Cornwall’s economy, creating 170 jobs.
• Emerged as an aero hub whereby a partnership was formed between council and private sector investors who aim to begin a process of diversifying the economy away from just tourism, this has led to the clustering and agglomeration of aircraft-related industries, increasing innovation.
  Their regeneration has been mainly based around the Eden project where within the first 5 years of opening it contributed £700 million to the local economy and overall £1.6 billion.
• Enterprise zones have attracted a variety of industry investments leading to clustering and agglomeration. This has benefitted the local economy by sparking Murdle’s model of cumulative causation.

Question 37

What was done environmentally in Cornwall?

Answer 37

Increased accessibility and higher population density have led to environmental repercussions such as increased noise and pollution. - It has also aesthetically disrupted areas of previously untouched greenbelt land.

Question 38

Was the regeneration a success socially in Cornwall?

Answer 38

• YES: by 2016, over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband (the first county to have this). Cornwall now has the world’s largest rural fibre network. This encourages businesses, particularly knowledge-economy companies, 2000 jobs created, with an economic impact of around €200 million per year
• NO: the aerospace business park did not actually bring in that many new jobs, by 2015 little new investment had come into Cornwall’s new aero hub.
• YES: More educated and qualified workforce in the area which has increased local tax revenue has led to more social spending and therefore improved quality of services (e.g. healthcare and education) for local residents.
  YES: Combined universities in Cornwall were made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain
• NO: despite a form of studentification in Cornwall creating a thriving nightlife, it has shifted away from the previous perception of Cornwall as a calm rural environment. For the elderly, it means services are no longer tailored toward their needs. Also, students often are quite transient and therefore less engaged in the area. This reduces the sense of community and means that in certain areas the threshold pop may not be met.

Question 39

Was the regeneration a success economically in Cornwall?

Answer 39

• YES: the student economy from the combined university has resulted in a healthy property rental market and a thriving evening economy of bars and restaurants.
• YES: if one was to judge the success through tourism, within the first 5 years of the Eden Project opening it contributed £700 million to the Cornish economy, future plans to build another Eden centre in china 4 times the size, led to the improved QOL of the local community and cumulative causation.
• YES: by 2007, objective one had backed 580 projects in Cornwall with £230 million. This attracts investment and TNCs into the area, spurring Murdle’s model of cumulative causation. Until 2005, the Cornish economy grew faster (at 5.8%) than the UK average (5.4%) and had the fastest growth rate of any EU region.
• NO: in 2014, Cornwall council obtained enterprise zone status for Newquay aerospace business park, to diversify its economy away from the dependence on tourism, this hoped to make 700 high-paid permanent jobs, but by the end of 2015 only 450 jobs were made, and many of which weren’t actually new.
• NO: Cornwall’s enterprise status means the region has to compete with other areas to qualify for government assistance. This has led to many compromises and concessions perhaps limiting the scale of success.

Question 40

Was the regeneration a success environmentally in Cornwall?

Answer 40

• YES: Aesthetic appeal of the area also increased as unpleasant brownfield sites were utilised. This has allowed an economic multiplier effect which corresponds to Butler’s model of tourism.
• NO: the majority of jobs brought by tourism are seasonal, and weather-dependant, Newquay airport reflects Cornwall’s biggest economic problem- it lacks a year-round economy.
• NO: Although the Eden project offered discounted rates for arriving by public transport or car sharing, they found that 97% of visitors actually drove to the site, increasing noise and air pollution, also led to more litter and therefore environmental damage.
• NO: increased accessibility and a focus on aircraft-related industries have led to a proportionate rise in emissions and therefore air pollution in the area. This can have repercussions towards climate change but also respiratory problems.

Question 41

What social indicators would we expect after regeneration?

Answer 41

• Decrease in crime rate
• Less homeless
• Increased tourism
• Younger population, demographic change
• Reduction in inequalities

Question 42

What economic indicators would we see after regeneration?

Answer 42

• Higher GDP
• Less on benefits
• Increased TNC’s, investors, higher sectors, agglomeration and clustering

Question 43

Explain why regeneration usually improves people’s local living environment

Answer 43

• Transformation of derelict brownfield sites, Stratford dredging the river, planting trees, offices.
• Investment from TNCs, transport links (Stratford with the Olympics, less congestion, less air pollution), investment in services, gentrification (cafe culture).
• Higher attachment means people will do less vandalism and graffiti, if the community are involved in regeneration they feel pride in their area.
  e.g. Stanford, 6000 new Boris bikes, 8.6% pollution don

Question 44

Why was there a need for regeneration in Kielder Forest?

Answer 44

• Kielder is a very remote village in Northumberland with, a large coniferous plantation built and an 11km long reservoir built in 1975, suffering from low levels of tourism as few people visit regularly
• Northeast England faced a decline in the primary sector, due to mechanisation meaning jobs that were occupied were now being completed by machinery.
• The location is near Sheffield, a previous steel-making town meaning the area is very deprived as the industry went into decline.
• At the beginning of the 2000s, Kielder’s landlord had in effect put much of the village up for sale and many were advertised at a London auction under the headline ‘woodland villagers losing the fight for survival.
• Houses in Kielder forest were being auctioned for guide prices of between £13,000 and £18,000.
• Transport was a big problem, car owners had to take a 35-mile round trip for fuel to Bellingham further down the valley.

Question 45

Who were the stakeholders involved in the regeneration of Kielder forest?

Answer 45

• The government, gave a £500,000 grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community.
• Private and business investments were made, and 200 people are employed in the area.
• The local Tynedale council helped create a business plan.
• Volunteers work with the ranger team and other activities.
• Local/national government which is projected to raise £40 million in funding over the next 10 years.
• Kielder Water and Forest Park Development Trust -> involved with engaging with the local community and updating members on related happenings along with the park’s development.

Question 46

What conflict occurred between stakeholders in Kielder forest?

Answer 46

• Environmentalists are concerned about the protection of the woodland, preserving its biodiversity rather than developing it.
• Residents are not happy due to the increased noise pollution from the man-made lake, also the loss of land and increased congestion
• Many local residents find conflict over the scheme with the government. This is primarily due to the compulsory purchase of land and forced relocation of many.
• The Secretary of State had empathy for the residents affected as they said that the pros and cons of constructing the reservoir had to be investigated further to make sure that putting people through this hardship was necessary.

Question 47

What was done socially in Kielder forest?

Answer 47

• Reimaging took place as it is one of the largest forests in England meaning many tourists and investors are attracted to the area, increasing demand for services and retail fuelling Murdle’s model of cumulative causation.
• They received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improved services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.

Question 48

What was done economically for the Kielder forest?

Answer 48

• Constructed a man-made lake to create another site to visit in Kielder (cost £167 million and was opened by the queen in 1982).
• Tourism of £706 million to our local economy.
• Turned Kielder water and forest park into an ‘outdoor nature playground’.

Question 49

What was done environmentally for the kielder forest?

Answer 49

• Investment has increased in the area to utilise the environment. The biggest hydroelectric plant in England is located here with the total water released set at a maximum of 1.3 million metres cubed per day. This has helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change.
• Spans 250 square miles, is home to the largest forest in England and the largest man-made lake in northern Europe. It was voted the most tranquil place in England by the Campaign to Protect Rural England.
• Observatory for dark skies to attract astrotourism.
• Forest is home to hold of England’s red squirrels.

Question 50

Was the regeneration a success socially in Kielder forest?

Answer 50

• NO: it has led to unhappy residents due to the increased noise pollution, perhaps it has had a negative environmental impact due to the disruption of its biodiversity.
• YES: reimaging took place and is now the largest forest in England. This helped to create vast amounts of employment as around 200 people are employed both directly and indirectly through timber harvesting. Shows the vital role the forest plays in the economy.
• YES: improved transport links, the company has spent £25,000 on an eight-seated community bus taxi which will provide links between Scotland and England.
• YES: they received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improved services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.

Question 51

Was regeneration an economic success in Kielder forest?

Answer 51

• YES: The project has been successful because they expect 300,000 visitors annually, it has won gold to be officially recognised as the best tourism experience in the country, leading to localised spending so local businesses around the tourist attractions will benefit.
• YES: more than nine million people visit the county each year contributing to a staggering £706 million to our local economy
• YES: hydroelectric power releases a max of 1.3 million meters cubed a day which has increased employment and therefore tax revenue, satisfying the government.
• YES: hydroelectric power means surrounding areas become reliant on the Kielder forest for energy, increasing its influence and the importance of its function.

Question 52

Was regeneration an environmental success in Kielder forest?

Answer 52

• YES: Wildlife has been a success, since 2009, a total of 42 osprey chicks will have been born in the forest, constituting a success for many environmentalists as it allows species to develop, increasing biodiversity.
• NO: issues associated with HE power including drought in certain areas and flooding in others whilst blocking aquatic migration routes and destroying certain habitats. This can damage both human and physical features.
• NO: Increased tourism in the area has increased air pollution emissions and litter, both of which can damage the environment.
• YES: observatory for dark skies has helped to attract a different subsection of tourism such as those who are interested in Astro-tourism
• YES: investment into HE power is an environmental success as it has helped to convert local energy sources towards cleaner methods. This helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change.

Question 53

What was done to rebrand the area of Kielder forest?

Answer 53

• Constructed a man-made lake
• More local coffee shops, improving economy
• The area has utilised its environment to create a tourist attraction in its own right (the largest forest in England). This is an example of large-scale reimaging.
• Shifted in status in Cloke’s index of rurality.