Migration EQ2

Question 1

What is a state?

Answer 1

Territorial over which no other country holds power or sovereignty. The UN recognised 196 states, with South Sudan being the most recent addition.

Question 2

What is a nation?

Answer 2

A territorialised group of people who lack sovereignty.

e.g This includes the Welsh and Scottish nations as they are part of the sovereign state of the UK. These nations lack full control, despite having their own parliaments and language.

Question 3

What is dependent territory?

Answer 3

Is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state, yet remains politically outside the controlling state’s integral area.

Dependencies include Greenland, Hong Kong (which belongs to China) and Jersey have autonomy for many aspects of governance but lack full sovereignty.

Question 4

What is sovereignty?

Answer 4

Is the ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside interference. This might relate to global flows and participation in global agreements.

Question 5

What is a nation-state?

Answer 5

A nation-state would be a sovereign territory with one group of individuals who share a common history.

Implies that the two geographically coincide, and this distinguishes the nation-state from other types of state. Bonds that create a nation state -nationality, great, culture, history and religion.

Question 6

What is national unity?

Answer 6

When people agree and feel united. Factors affecting unity include the nation’s history of population growth, the role of migration and the country’s geographical and cultural isolation.

Question 7

Iceland as a nation-state:

Answer 7

• 94% from Iceland, 6% from foreign.
• Homogenous mixture of descendants of Norts and Celts.
• 74% of Icelanders belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland.
• The Icelandic language has remained unchanged since 870 A.D.
• All names must come from an approved list.
• The Icelandic sagas are an intrinsic part of Iceland’s national identity and were written by several authors.

Question 8

Singapore as a nation-state:

Answer 8

• 74% are Chinese, 13% are Malay, 5% an Indian and the others on a mix of European descent and ex-patriots.
• They don’t have a national identity but based it on Asian values.
• Possesses a vibrant mix of languages, cultures, religions, festivals and foods.
• Singapore was established by a colonial trading post.
• British trading from the 19th century

Question 9

National borders- Rwanda case study

Answer 9

Pre-Berlin Conference - Rwanda was a unified region, home to Tutsi, Hutu and Twa people - Tutsi was in control but the council contained Tutsi and Hutu. Germany had colonial rule over Rwanda, after the Berlin conference, and Belgium took over after Germany’s defeat in WW1. Belgians favoured the Tutsi minority (14% of the population) 1926 - introduced ethnic identity cards that differentiated Hutus from Tutsis 1962 - gained independence, but government contested and was not legitimate. Hutus rebelled against the Belgian and Tutsi elite and Tutsis fled and many were killed between the 60s and 70s. In the 70s and 80s, the Hutus were given jobs in public services and military plans stalled the idea to introduce a multi-party government. 1994 - presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed after planes were shot down Genocide (mass killing) 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. July 1994 - Hutu government fled with 2 million Hutu refugees to now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo. UN Security Council established an international tribunal to oversee the prosecution of suspects involved in the Rwandan genocide.

Question 10

What are national borders?

Answer 10

Consists of physical features that once created obstacles e.g lakes, rivers.

Question 11

What are evolved borders?

Answer 11

Complex, sometimes intricate borders have been changed through history as the territory has been fought and bargained over. Many European nation-states have this type of border, and some have enclaves.

Question 12

What are arbitrary borders?

Answer 12

Arbitrary borders are set by governments or authorities; by war and treaties; by regulation, social and institutional differences and personal boundaries. Millions of people worldwide have been forcibly moved to reserves or camps, detention, or marginal lands.

Question 13

What is colonial history?

Answer 13

50 countries were created along geometric boundaries. No tribal or linguistic boundaries were taken.

Question 14

What is legitimacy?

Answer 14

The right of a state to govern, and the acceptance of a nation of that right.

Question 15

Why do physical and evolved borders usually have some legitimacy?

Answer 15

The border was agreed upon as part of a treaty, negotiations or a settlement after a conflict or may simply be widely understood as the historical border between nations.

Question 16

Why do arbitrary borders often lack legitimacy?

Answer 16

They are usually imposed on a place by outsiders eg) European colonisers.

Question 17

What are the reasons for contested borders?

Answer 17

• One state wanting to take over another- perhaps because it does not recognise the other as a legitimate country. (North and South Korea)
• A desire to unite a culturally and ethnically similar population.
• A desire to gain access to valuable resources.

Question 18

Why is the Ukraine and Crimea examples of contested borders?

Answer 18

• Crimea consists of 58% ethnic Russians and 24% ethnic Ukrainians.
• Russia annexed Crimea in 2014.
• International community condemned it and imposed sanctions on Russian trade.

Question 19

Why is Taiwan an example of contested borders?

Answer 19

• Since 1950, Taiwan has been independent.
• China claims sovereignty over it and regards Taiwan as a rebel province.
• China insists no country should have relations with Taiwan. However, Taiwan has become one of Asia’s economic successes through computer technology.

Question 20

Why are Syria and Iraq contested borders?

Answer 20

• Conflict in the region is traced back to the Sykes-Picot line, a border between French and British occupation of the Middle East.
• Kurdish, Shia, and Sunni populations were divided and extremist groups such as Daesh and Al-Qaeda have incited conflict between the social groups.
• UN security council (primarily the US and Russia) are involved in conducting airstrikes against the extremists perceived as terrorists.

Question 21

What is nationalism?

Answer 21

Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion of the interests of other nations.

Question 22

State the ways in which nationalism played a role in the development of the modern world.

Answer 22

• Colonial empires/colonial conflicts
• Independence movements
• Patterns of migration

Question 23

How did nationalism contribute to conflicts between European powers?

Answer 23

World War I was partly caused by the conflict between these colonial powers. Germany and Britain were engaged in a naval arms race and economic gain increased the tension between the nations.

Question 24

The British Empire and nationalism:

Answer 24

• The British empire began because of trade rather than nationalism.
• Pride and British achievement and wealth created national unity. Most British people believe that the huge empire proved the British were a special nation.
• The European nations also began to form as war and revolutions overturned Europe’s dynastic elites came into the nation in 1871 after the war with France brought together many small states of German-speaking peoples.
• Other European nations industrialised, and the empire expanded. For example, the French Empire included modern Vietnam and Cambodia and Laos in Asia.
• The European nations competed to take over more colonies. This created tension and conflict between nations that added to the strength of nationalism.

Question 25

Empires and colonies: 19th century nationalism

Answer 25

• Empires help create nationalism in their Colonies. People living in colonies often resented being controlled by another country.
• Independence movements brought people together who might not otherwise have felt that they had much in common, perhaps because of different ethnicities. They were based on:

+ Recognising and prompting the shared history and special qualities of a people.

+ Looking forward to the independent nation-state that the people could build together once they were free of colonial war.

Question 26

What was the nationalism in India?

When did India and Kenya become independent from Britain?

Answer 26

India was part of the British Empire. Before it was part of the empire, what is now India was divided into several kingdoms. Opposition to British rule helped to bring Indians together despite the many ethnic and cultural differences between the Indian people.

India - 1947

Question 27

What was the process of decolonisation?

Answer 27

Since 1945, many new nation-states have emerged as empires disintegrated. This has caused conflicts.

Independence movements in many colonies gained independence after the second world war.

• After the cost of fighting the war, countries such as Britain and France could no longer afford the administrative and security costs of running the Empire.
• The Cold War superpowers – the USA and the USSR – were both ideologically opposed to empires and used their influence to help oppressed people liberate themselves from colonialism.

Question 28

What was the wind of change?

Answer 28

Most British Colonies in Africa became independent nations in the 1960s. The prime minister, Harold Macmillan, said the wind of change is blowing through this continent.

The new nations face serious challenges:

• The British left without establishing a secure government. The military seized power.
• The economies of former colonies had been constructed to supply raw materials to the empire and were not industrialised.
• Ethnic and political differences within and between nations produce conflicts.
• Superpower tried to gain influence in new nations, which increased corruption.

Question 29

What was the post-colonial conflict in Vietnam?

Answer 29

In the 1950s, the Vietnamese, led by the Communist Ho Chi Minh, fought for independence against the French. The French were defeated and left Vietnam but the USA supported an anti-communist regime in South Vietnam. Civil war broke out in Vietnam between the north and south. The USA invaded south Vietnam. The USSR and trying to invade the north. The superpowers fought each other without actually going to war. Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam in South Vietnam in 1954. In 1975 North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam. The country was unified under Communist leadership. 1m soldiers and civilians died. There were 11m refugees.

Question 30

What was the post-colonial conflict in South Sudan?

Answer 30

Conflict emergence Britain’s divide-and-rule policy pitted Sudanese people against each other, rather than against the colonial ruler. The North prospered more than the south, but indirect rule created hundreds of tribal chiefdoms and the different countries left people feeling marginalised and left out of Sudan’s development. Sudan is divided into northern and southern territories. The war took its toll on Sudan making Africa the longest-running conflict. In the north of the country, close to the border with Sudan, lies the unity state, which had seen some of the fiercest fightings. 10,000 were forced to leave their homes.

Question 31

What are the patterns between former colonies and migration?

Answer 31

Post ww2 there were labour shortages. 1948: the British nationality act gave all commonwealth citizens the right to British citizenship which meant they could legally settle in the UK. UK employers could recruit workers from commonwealth countries to fill urgent vacancies such as transport. Indian and Pakistani settled in Hounslow, Ealing. Chain migrations have led to enclaves and cultural mosaic of people. The UK moved from relative homogeneity to a more heterogeneous mix of people.

Question 32

What is a tax haven?

Answer 32

These are typically small, well-governed states that impose low or zero tax rates on foreign investors. Countries like the Bahamas, Bermuda, Oman and Saudi Arabia are tax havens.

Question 33

What are the cayman islands?

Answer 33

British overseas territory encompasses three islands in the western Caribbean Sea. It’s known for beach resorts, very scuba-diving and snorkelling sites. The Cayman Islands have 0% personal income tax and low business taxes. 40 of the world’s top investment banks have headquarters in the Cayman Islands.

Question 34

What are the advantages of tax havens?

Answer 34

• Countries that offer tax incentives can develop quickly and recover from severe recessions more quickly.
• Most governments and IGOs accept tax havens and tax avoidance because of the boosted economic growth that they deliver.
• When TNCs are located in several different nations, it would not be fair to tax them in full in each one.

Question 35

What are the disadvantages of tax havens?

Answer 35

• Investing abroad reduces the amount of money left to invest at home.
• Tax havens allow individuals to hide income from their own governments - increasing corruption in both developed + developing countries
• TNCs make huge profits in countries, such as the UK, but pay very little tax meaning less money for government services e.g. NHS.

Question 36

What is tax avoidance?

Answer 36

Using legal loopholes to legally reduce how much tax you have to pay.

Question 37

How has globalisation encouraged the growth of states?

Answer 37

• Low-tax regimes -> haven for profits for TNCs and homes for wealthy expatriates (the person residing in another country other than their native country)
• National governments have reduced restrictions on who can invest in their countries in order to encourage more FDI -> deregulation
  Free movement of money = TNCs move some operations to nations charging lower tax
  ‘Shelter’ money from government taxation

Question 38

What is the gini - coefficient?

Answer 38

It is a measure of the distribution of wealth within a population of the country as a way of demonstrating how much equality there is. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being the highest inequality. There is usually greater wealth inequality within developed countries due to higher incomes in the upper quintile and decile.

Question 39

What are the consequences of inequality?

Answer 39

• Unequal access to quality education.
• Reduce life expectancy for the poorest.
• Low-pay, low-skill jobs with no prospects.
• Increased physical and mental health problems for the poorest.
• Political instability as people rejects establish political classes who they identify with as the rich elite.

Question 40

How does political instability lead to global inequalities?

Answer 40

President Trump’s political base includes working-class voters who felt left behind as a result of a global shift in manufacturing. Protecting America first threaten the global economic system based on the free movement of capital, goods and people. Trump’s trade war with China in 2019 threatened global growth.

Question 41

What is the case study of inequality in Bolivia? (Evo Morales)

Answer 41

• An indigenous Aymara, first elected in 2006, who won an unprecedented third term in office in 2014.
• Taxes have been raised on the profits of oil TNCs to over 80% and the extra government income used to reduce poverty through health, education and other programmes including increasing the minimum wage by 50%.
• Has lifted 500,000 Bolivians from poverty - extreme poverty has fallen by 43%.
• However Bolivia is still one of the poorest countries in Latin America, dependent on its resources for economic growth, where 1/4 still live on less than $2 a day (World Bank).